岷江上游河谷土壤发生的空间分异及环境意义

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.02.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

分析了岷江上游河谷沿岸及九顶山西北坡表层土壤粒度、氧化铁、有机质、碳酸盐、pH、有机碳同位素、阳离子交换性、粘土矿物等理化性质。结果表明,三江至映秀段土壤具有较高的粘粉比、铁游离度及粘粒和有机质含量,而碳酸盐含量、pH和有机质δ¹³C值相对偏低,说明土壤发育较好、淋溶作用较强,反映了气候湿润和植被以乔木为主的环境特征;草坡至凤仪段土壤颗粒较粗、碳酸盐含量和pH较高,而铁游度和有机质含量较低,有机质δ¹³C值偏重,反映出干旱的气候和以C₄植被为主的环境特征。九顶山西北坡土壤随海拔的增加粘粉比、有机质含量增大,出现纤铁矿而方解石缺失,反映干旱河谷区高海拔气候湿润;而海拔低于2 000 m的土壤粘粉比和粘粒、有机质含量较低,方解石含量和pH值较高,指示了干旱的气候特征。

关键词: 土壤发生, 空间分异性, 干旱河谷, 岷江上游, 九顶山

Abstract:

Investigation on the pedogenesis of soils from the upper reaches of the Minjiang River is necessary for ecological reconstruction and vegetation restoration in this region. The soils development from the valley of the upper Minjiang River and the Jiuding Mountain were investigated based on the physical and chemical properties such as grain size distribution, oxide of iron, organic matter, carbonate, pH, organic stable isotope, cation exchange capacity, and clay mineralogy. The well development and eluviation prevailed in the soils from the Sanjiang to the Yingxiou, demonstrated by the higher values of clay/silt, iron free degree, clay and organic mater contents and lower values of carbonate content, pH and organic δ¹³C, indicating an environmental property of warm-wet climatic conditions and prevailed trees. However, the soils from the Caopo to the Fengyi were characterized by the higher sand and carbonate contents, pH and organic δ¹³C, and lower values of iron free degree and organic mater content, showing an arid climate in where C₄ vegetation prevail. The clay/silt and organic mater content increase, iepidocrocite arising and calcite lack occurred in the high altitude region of the Jiuding Mountain, indicating a wet climatic condition. While the soils under 2000 metre above sea level presented an arid climatic feature, as demonstrated by the lower values of clay/silt and contents of clay and organic mater, as well as the higher calcite content and pH.

Key words: pedogenesis, spatial heterogeneity, arid valley, the upper Minjiang River, the Jiuding Mountain

中图分类号:

S151.1

文星跃, 黄艳娟, 黄成敏. 岷江上游河谷土壤发生的空间分异及环境意义[J]. 地理科学, 2017, 37(2): 266-273.

Xingyue Wen, Yanjuan Huang, Chengmin Huang. Spatial Heterogeneity and Environmental Significance of Pedogenesis in Soils from Valley of the Upper Minjiang River[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2017, 37(2): 266-273.

图/表 6

图1

表1

图2

图3

图4

表2

参考文献 34

[1]	吴宁, 卢涛, 罗鹏, 等. 地震对山地生态系统的影响—以5.12汶川大地震为例[J]. 生态学报, 2008, 28(12): 5810-5819. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2008.12.004
	[Wu Ning, Lu Tao, Luo Peng et al. A review of the impacts of earthquake on mountain ecosystems: taking 5. 12 Wenchuan Earthquake as an Example. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2008, 28(12): 5810-5819.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2008.12.004
[2]	徐小军, 何丙辉, 胡恒, 等. 汶川地震区土壤物理性质与渗透性的坡面分布特征[J]. 水土保持学报, 2011, 25(6): 34-39.
	[Xu Xiaojun, He Binghui, Hu Heng et al. Distribution of soil physical properties and permeability on slopes in Wenchuan Earghquake zone. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2011, 25(6): 34-39.]
[3]	姜琳, 边金虎, 李爱农, 等. 岷江上游2000-2010年土壤侵蚀时空格局动态变化[J]. 水土保持学报, 2014, 28(1): 18-35.
	[Jiang Lin, Bian Jinhu, Li Ainong et al. Spatial-temporal changes of soil erosion in the upper reaches of Minjiang River from 2000 to 2010. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2014, 28(1): 18-35.]
[4]	刘珊珊, 张兴华, 宫渊波, 等. 放牧干扰对岷江上游山地森林/干旱河谷交错带土壤活性有机碳的影响[J]. 应用生态学报, 2014, 25(2): 359-366.
	[Liu Shanshan, Zhang Xinghua, Gong Yuanbo et al. Effects of grazing disturbance on soil active organic Carbon in mountain forest-arid valley ecotone in the upper reaches of Minjiang River. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2014, 25(2): 359-366.]
[5]	王春明, 包维楷, 陈建中, 等. 岷江上游干旱河谷区褐土不同亚类剖面及养分特征[J]. 应用与环境生物学报, 2003, 9(3): 230-234. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1006-687X.2003.03.003
	[Wang Chunming, Bao Weikai, Chen Jianzhong et al. Profile characteristics and nutrients of dry cinnamon soils in dry valley of the upper Minjiang River. Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology, 2003, 9(3): 230-234.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1006-687X.2003.03.003
[6]	王春明. 岷江上游干旱河谷土壤肥力的垂直变化[D]. 重庆: 西南农业大学, 2001.
	[Wang Chunming.Changes in soil physcial and chemical properties varying with altitudinal gradients in dry valley of the Minjiang River Chongqing: Aricultural University of Southwest,Thesis, 2001.]
[7]	黄容, 潘开文, 王进闯, 等. 岷江上游半干旱河谷区 3 种林型土壤氮素的比较[J]. 生态学报, 2010, 30(5): 1210-1216.
	[Huang Rong, Pan Kaiwen,Wang Jinchuang et al. Comparison of soil Nitrogen status among three stand types in the semi-arid areas of upper reaches of the Minjiang River. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2010, 30(5): 1210-1216.]
[8]	包维楷, 王春明. 岷江上游山地生态系统的退化机制[J]. 山地学报, 2000, 18(1): 557-562. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-2786.2000.01.011
	[Bao Weikai, Wang Chunming.Degradation mechanism of mountain ecosystem at the dry valley in upper reaches of the Minjiang River. Journal of Mountain Science, 2000, 18(1): 557-562.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-2786.2000.01.011
[9]	Rozhkov V A.Soils and the soil cover as witnesses and indicators of global climate change[J]. Eurasian Soil Science, 2009, 42(2): 118-128. doi: 10.1134/S1064229309020021
[10]	胡雪峰, 龚子同. 土壤发生学与第四纪研究[J]. 热带亚热带土壤科学, 1998, 7(3): 257-259.
	[Hu Xuefeng, Gong Zitong.Relationship between soil Genesis and quaternary research. Tropical and Subtropical Soil Science, 1998, 7(3): 257-259.]
[11]	张凤荣, 马步洲, 李连捷. 土壤发生与分类学[M] . 北京: 北京大学出版社, 1992.
	[Zhang Fengrong, Ma Buzhou, Li Lianjie.Soil Genesis and taxonomy.Beijing: Peking University Press, 1992.]
[12]	杨兆平, 常禹, 胡远满, 等. 岷江上游干旱河谷景观变化及驱动力分析[J]. 生态学杂志, 2007, 26(6): 869-874.
	[Yang Zhaoping, Chang Yu, Hu Yuanman et al. Landscape change and its driving forces of dry valley in upper reaches of Minjiang River. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2007, 26(6): 869-874.]
[13]	高君亮, 高永, 罗凤敏, 等. 表土粒度特征对风蚀荒漠的响应[J]. 科技导报, 2014, 32(25): 20-25. doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2014.25.002
	[Gao Junliang, Gao Yong,Luo Fengmin et al. Response of surface soil grain size characteristics to wind erosion desertification. Science & Technology Review, 2014, 32(25): 20-25.] doi: 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2014.25.002
[14]	郭雪莲, 刘秀铭, 吕镔, 等. 天山黄土区与黄土高原表土磁性特征对比及环境意义[J]. 地球物理学报, 2011, 54(7): 1854-1862. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.07.019
	[Guo Xuelian, Liu Xiuming, Lv Binet al. Comparison of topsoil magnetic properties between the loess region in Tianshan Mountain and Loess Plateau. And Its Environmental Significance.Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2011, 54(7): 1854-1862.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2011.07.019
[15]	Sidorova V A, Krasilnikov P V.Soil-geographic interpretation of spatial variability in the chemical and physical properties of topsoil horizons in the steppe zone[J]. Eurasian Soil Science, 2007, 40(10): 1042-1051. doi: 10.1134/S106422930710002X
[16]	刘杰, 张杨珠, 罗尊长, 等. 湘中南丘岗地区土壤发生特性及系统分类[J]. 湖南农业大学学报:自然科学版, 2012, 38(6): 355-648. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1238.2012.00648
	[Liu Jie, Zhang Yangzhu, Luo Zunchanget al.Genetic characteristics and taxonomy of soils in hilly regions of entral-south Hunan province. Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Natural Sciences), 2012, 38(6): 355-648.] doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1238.2012.00648
[17]	赵明松, 张甘霖, 李德成, 等. 苏中平原南部土壤有机质空间变异特征研究[J]. 地理科学, 2013, 33(1): 83-89.
	[Zhao Mingsong, Zhang Ganlin, Li Decheng et al.Spatial variability of soil organic matter and factor analysis in the South of middle Jiangsu Plain. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2013, 33(1): 83-89.]
[18]	文星跃, 黄成敏, 黄凤琴, 等. 岷江上游河谷土壤粒径分形维数及其影响因素[J]. 华南师范大学学报:自然科学版, 2011, (1): 80-86.
	[Wen Xingyue, Huang Chengmin, Huang Fengqin et al.Fractal dimensions of soil particles and related affecting factors from the valley of upper Minjiang River. Journal of South China Normal University(Natural Science Edition), 2011(1): 80-86.]
[19]	张甘霖, 龚子同. 土壤调查实验室分析方法[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2012.
	[Zhang Ganlin, Gong Zitong.Soil survey laboratory methods. Beijing: Science Press, 2012.]
[20]	Liu Weiguo, Ning Youfeng, An Zhisheng et al. Carbon isotopic composition of modern soil and paleosol as a response to vegetation change on the Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Science in China Series D-earth Sciences, 2005, 48(1): 93-99. doi: 10.1360/02YD0148 pmid: 21103814
[21]	He Yong, Qin Dahe, Ren Jiawen et al. The summer monsoon evolution recorded by Carbon isotope of organic matter from the Yuanbao loess section during the Last Interglaciation[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2002, 47(15): 1289-1291. doi: 10.1360/02tb9286
[22]	Ning Y F, Liu W G, An Z S.Variation of soil Δδ13C values in Xifeng loess-paleosol sequence and its paleoenvironmental implication[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2006, 51(11): 1350-1354. doi: 10.1007/s11434-006-1350-7
[23]	王琳, 欧阳华, 周才平, 等. 贡嘎山东坡土壤有机质及氮素分布特征[J]. 地理学报, 2004, 59(6): 1012-1019. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2004.06.025
	[Wang Lin, Ou yang Hua, Zhou Caiping et al. Distribution characteristics of soil organic matter and Nitrogen on the eastern slope of Mt. Gongga.Acta Geographica Sinica, 2004, 59(6): 1012-1019.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2004.06.025
[24]	柏松, 黄成敏, 唐亚. 岷江上游干旱河谷海拔梯度上的土壤发生特征[J]. 土壤, 2008, 40(6): 980-985. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-9829.2008.06.024
	[Bai Song, Huang Chengmin, Tang Ya.Pedogenetic property variation with elevation in dry valley of the upper Minjiang River. Soils, 2008, 40(6): 980-985.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-9829.2008.06.024
[25]	Li Jiazhu, Wang Guoan, Liu Xianzhao et al.Variations in Carbon isotope ratios of C-3 plants and distribution of C-4 plants along an altitudinal transect on the eastern slope of Mount Gongga[J]. Science in China Series D-earth Sciences, 2009, 52(11): 1714-1723. doi: 10.1007/s11430-009-0170-4
[26]	Qafoku N P, Ranst E V, Noble A et al.Variable charge soils: Their mineralogy, chemistry and management[J]. Advances in Agronomy, 2004, 84: 159-215. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2113(04)84004-5
[27]	刘世全, 蒲玉琳, 张世熔, 等. 西藏土壤阳离子交换量的空间变化和影响因素研究[J]. 水土保持学报, 2004, 18(5): 1-5. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1009-2242.2004.05.001
	[Liu Shiquan, Pu Yulin, Zhang Shirong et al. Spatial change and affecting factors of soil cation exchange capacity in Tibet. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2004, 18(5): 1-5.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1009-2242.2004.05.001
[28]	Wisawapipat W, Kheoruenromne I, Suddhiprakarn et al.Surface charge characteristics of variable charge soils in Thailand[J]. Australian Journal of Soil Research, 2010, 48(4): 337-354. doi: 10.1071/SR09151
[29]	Qafoku N P, Sumner M E, West L T.Mineralogy and chemistry of some variable charge subsoils[J]. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 2000, 31(7/8): 1051-1070. doi: 10.1080/00103620009370497
[30]	周义贵. 岷江上游干旱河谷区不同土地利用/植被恢复类型土壤生态效益评价[D]. 雅安: 四川农业大学, 2014.
	[Zhou Yigui.Evaluation on soil ecological benefits in different land use/vegetation restoration in the dry-valley region of the upper reaches of Minjiang River Yaan: Aricultural University of Sichuan,Dissertation, 2014.]
[31]	张一平, 张昭辉, 何云玲. 岷江上游气候立体分布特征[J]. 山地学报, 2004, 22(2): 179-183. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-2786.2004.02.008
	[Zhang Yiping, Zhang Zhaohui, He Yunling.Distribution of climatic elements in the upper reaches of Minjiang River. Journal of Mountain Science, 2004, 22(2): 179-183.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-2786.2004.02.008
[32]	岷江上游综合考察队. 岷江上游森林生态问题综合考察报告. 四川林业科技, 1980, 增刊:1-31.
	[Comprehensive Survey Team. Comprehensive investigaion on forest ecological problems in the upper reaches of Minjiang River. Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology, 1980,Supplementary issues:1-31.]
[33]	包维楷, 陈庆恒, 陈克明. 岷江上游干旱河谷植被恢复环境优化调控技术研究[J]. 应用生态学报, 1999, 10(5): 542-544. doi: 10.1017/S0266078400010713
	[Bao Weikai, Chen Qingheng, Chen Keming.Environment control techniques for vegetation restoration in dry valley of upper reaches of Minjiang River. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 1999, 10(5): 542-544.] doi: 10.1017/S0266078400010713
[34]	李国强, 马克明, 傅伯杰. 区域植被恢复对生态安全的影响预测——以岷江上游干旱河谷为例[J]. 生态学报, 2006, 26(12): 4127-4134. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2006.12.028
	[Li Guoqiang, Ma Keming, Fu Baijie.Impacts prediction of regional vegetation restoration on ecological security. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(12): 4127-4134.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2006.12.028

样号	海拔（m）	成土母质	土地覆被	深度(cm)	根系	砾石	土壤颜色
P1	3480	变质岩风化坡积物	草甸	0~10	多	较少	黑灰棕 10YR4/2
P2	3440	变质岩风化坡积物	灌草地	0~10	多	少	棕 10YR5/3
P3	3245	变质岩风化坡积物	林地	0~10	多	无	深黑灰棕 10YR3/2
P4	3021	变质岩风化坡积物	林地	0~10	多	少	棕 10YR5/3
P5	2550	变质岩风化坡积物	灌木林	0~10	多	少	棕 10YR5/3
P6	2315	变质岩风化坡积物	林地	0~10	多	少	黑灰 10YR4/1
P7	2085	黄土母质	人工林	0~10	多	少	浅灰 10YR7/2
P8	1840	黄土母质	荒草地	0~10	多	少	浅黄棕 10YR6/4

样号	海拔（m）	伊利石	石英	方解石	高岭石	纤铁矿
P1	3480	+++++	+++	—	+++	—
P2	3440	+++++	++	—	+++	+
P3	3245	+++++	+++	—	++	+
P4	3021	+++++	+++	—	+++	—
P5	2550	+++++	+++	—	++++	—
P6	2315	+++++	+	—	++++	—
P7	2085	+++++	++	+	+++	—
P8	1840	+++++	+	++++	++	—