近30年来长江源区与黄河源区土地覆被及其变化对比分析

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.02.018

地理科学 ›› 2017, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (2): 311-320.doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.02.018

• • 上一篇

近30年来长江源区与黄河源区土地覆被及其变化对比分析

刘璐璐^1,²(), 曹巍², 邵全琴²()

1.成都大学建筑与土木工程学院,四川成都 610106
2.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所陆地表层格局与模拟院重点实验室,北京 100101

收稿日期:2016-02-04 修回日期:2016-06-04 出版日期:2017-02-25 发布日期:2017-02-25
作者简介:
作者简介：刘璐璐（1988-）,女,山东济宁人,博士,讲师。地图学与地理信息系统专业。E-mail: liull.11s@igsnrr.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金（41571504）、国家科技支撑项目(2013BAC03B04)、青海省重大科技专项（2015-SF-A4-1）资助

Different Characteristics of Land Cover Changes in Source Region of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River in the Past 30 Years

Lulu Liu^1,²(), Wei Cao², Quanqin Shao²()

1.School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, Sichuan, China
2. Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China

Received:2016-02-04 Revised:2016-06-04 Online:2017-02-25 Published:2017-02-25
Supported by:
National Natural Sciences Foundation of China(41571504), National Key Technology Research and Development Program(2013BAC03B04) , Qinghai Major Science and Technology Program(2015-SF-A4-1)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于20 世纪70 年代中后期、90 年代初期、2004 年和2012年共4 期土地覆被数据,利用转移矩阵、土地覆被状况指数和土地覆被转类指数,对比分析了长江源区和黄河源区近30 a来土地覆被与生态状况的变化特征。结果表明：2012年草地是两源区最主要的土地覆被类型,但黄河源区的草地面积占比比长江源区高17%,同时,长江源区存在永久冰川雪地及荒漠,黄河源区没有;从土地覆被状况来看,过去30 a黄河源区优于长江源区,长江源区土地覆被状况指数平均为16.82%,黄河源区为38.84%;从土地覆被转类来看,过去30 a长江源区土地覆被总体变好,黄河源区则总体变差,在20世纪70年代中后期至90年代初、20世纪90年代初至2004年和2004~2012年3时段内,长江源区土地覆被经历了变差-好转-持续好转的变化过程,而黄河源区则是变差-显著变差-略有好转,且黄河源区土地覆被状况的变化程度较长江源区更为剧烈;长江源区因分布有大量的冰川、冻土,自20世纪90年代气温升高开始,冰川冻土融化,导致水体与沼泽面积扩张,后期叠加生态工程的积极影响,使得其土地覆被状况持续好转,黄河源区则因2004 年以来暖湿的气候状况及生态保护工程的实施,使得土地覆被退化趋势得到遏制并逐渐呈现转好态势。

关键词: 长江源区, 黄河源区, 土地覆被, 对比分析

Abstract:

Land is the most basic natural resources that mankind depend on for existence and development. Land cover change is the most obvious expression of the dynamic impact of human activities on land surface system, which will have an important impact on regional ecological environment and will influence the global environment cumulatively.
Source regions of the Yangtze River (SRYA)and the Yellow River (SRYE) are important ecological protective screen in China,located in the Three-River Headwaters Region, which is known as the "Chinese water tower". In recent years, the land cover situation changed a lot due to climate change/human activities and some other factors. Based on the land cover datasets of middle and late 1970s, early 1990s, 2004 and 2012, this article analyzed the change characteristics of land cover and ecological situation and their differences in the SRYA and SRYE over the past 30 years, using the methods of transfer matrix, land cover situation index and land cover change index, and discussed the driving forces. The results showed that grassland were the main land cover types in both regions in 2012, but percentage of grassland in the SRYE was 17% more than that in the SRYA. In addition, there were glacier and desert in the SRYA, which was none in the SRYE. In the past 30 years, the land cover situation of the SRYE was better than that of the SRYA all the time. In terms of land cover change, the land cover and ecological situation of the SRYA became better, and had overall experienced a process of degeneration, slight melioration, and continuous melioration; while that of the SRYE became worse, and had overall experienced a process of degeneration, obvious degeneration and slight melioration, and the overall change in magnitude in the SRYE was more dramatic than that in the SRYA. Since there were huge glacier and permafrost in the SRYA, the warmer temperature since early 1990s made glaciers and permafrost melt, which made the water body and marsh expand and the land cover situation become better. The fact that land cover situation of the SRYE became worse in the period of 1970s and 2004 mainly because of overgrazing, warm and dry climate, while since 2004, the regional climate became warm and wet and that was helpful for natural ecosystem recovery. Meanwhile, reduction of livestock and the implementation of ecological project since 2004 also had certain positive effects on vegetation restoration in both source regions.
Analysis on the different characteristics of land cover changes in the SRYA and SRYE will enhance our understanding of ecological environmental issues and changes in the SRYA and SRYE, and provide reference for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of integrated ecosystem functions in different areas.

Key words: source region of the Yangtze River, source region of the Yellow River, land cover, comparative analysis

中图分类号:

S127

刘璐璐, 曹巍, 邵全琴. 近30年来长江源区与黄河源区土地覆被及其变化对比分析[J]. 地理科学, 2017, 37(2): 311-320.

Lulu Liu, Wei Cao, Quanqin Shao. Different Characteristics of Land Cover Changes in Source Region of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River in the Past 30 Years[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2017, 37(2): 311-320.

图/表 11

图1

表1

表2

图2

表3

表4

表5

图3

图4

图5

图6

参考文献 27

[1]	王根绪, 丁永建, 王建, 等. 近15年来长江黄河源区的土地覆被变化[J]. 地理学报, 2004, 59(2): 163-173. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2004.02.001
	[Wang Genxu, Ding Yongjian, Wang Jian et al. Land ecological changes and evolutional patterns in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers in recent 15 years. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2004, 59(2): 163-173.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2004.02.001
[2]	邵全琴, 樊江文. 三江源区生态系统综合监测与评估[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2012.
	[Shao Quanqin, Fan Jiangwen.Integrated monitoring and evaluation of ecosystem in the Three Rivers Headwaters Region. Beijing: Science Press, 2012.]
[3]	罗小勇, 唐文坚. 长江源生态环境问题及其防治对策[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2003, 20(1): 47-49, 59. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2003.01.014
	[Luo Xiaoyong, Tang Wenjian.Eco-environmental problems at source area of Yangtze River and countermeasures for their prevention and treatment. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 2003, 20(1): 47-49, 59.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-5485.2003.01.014
[4]	杨建平, 丁永建, 陈仁升. 长江黄河源区高寒植被变化的NDVI记录[J]. 地理学报, 2005, 60(3): 467-478. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2005.03.013
	[Yang Jianping, Ding Yongjian, Chen Rensheng.NDVI reflection of alpine vegetation changes in the source regions of the Yangtze and Yellow rivers. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2005, 60(3): 467-478.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2005.03.013
[5]	Liu Jiyuan, Xu Xinliang, Shao Quanqin.Grassland degradation in the "Three-River Headwaters" region, Qinghai Province. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2008, 18(3): 259-273. doi: 10.1007/s11442-008-0259-2
[6]	王根绪, 郭晓寅, 程国栋. 黄河源区景观格局与生态功能的动态变化[J]. 生态学报, 2002, 22(10): 1587-1598.
	[Wang Genxu, Guo Xiaoyin, Cheng Guodong.Dynamic variations of landscape pattern and the landscape ecological functions in the source area of the Yellow River. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2002, 22(10): 1587-1598.]
[7]	国务院. 《青海三江源自然保护区生态保护和建设总体规划》[R]. 2005, 1-54.
	[The State Council.The ecological protection and construction master plan of Qinghai Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve[R]. 2005,1-54.]
[8]	沙占江, 马海州, 李玲琴, 等. 多尺度空间分层聚类算法在土地利用与土地覆被研究中的应用[J]. 地理科学, 2004, 24(4): 477-483. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2004.04.015
	[Sha Zhanjiang, Ma Haizhou, Li Lingqin et al. Application of hierarchical clustering algorithm based on multiscale space in land use and land cover study. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2004, 24(4): 477-483.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2004.04.015
[9]	Geist H J, Lambin E F.What drives tropical deforestion[R]. LUCC Report Series No. 4, 2001.
[10]	于兴修, 杨桂山, 王瑶. 土地利用/覆被变化的环境效应研究进展与动向[J]. 地理科学, 2004, 24(5): 627-633. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2004.05.019
	[Yu Xingxiu, Yang Guishan, Wang Yao.Advances in researches on environmental effects of land use/cover change. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2004, 24(5): 627-633.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2004.05.019
[11]	邵全琴, 赵志平, 刘纪远, 等. 近30年来三江源地区土地覆被与宏观生态变化特征[J]. 地理研究, 2010, 29(8): 1439-1451. doi: 10.11821/yj2010080009
	[Shao Quanqin, Zhao Zhiping, Liu Jiyuan et al. The characteristics of land cover and macroscopical ecology changes in the source region of three rivers on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau during last 30 years. Geographical Research, 2010, 29(8): 1439-1451.] doi: 10.11821/yj2010080009
[12]	邴龙飞, 邵全琴, 刘纪远. 近30年黄河源头土地覆被变化特征分析[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2011, 13(3): 289-296. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1047.2011.00289
	[Bing Longfei, Shao Quanqin, Liu Jiyuan.Characteristic of land cover changes in the Yellow River headwaters region over the past 30 years. Geo-information Science, 2011, 13(3): 289-296.] doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1047.2011.00289
[13]	吴丹, 邵全琴. 近30年来长江源区土地覆被变化特征分析[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2014, 16(1): 61-69. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1047.2014.00061
	[Wu Dan, Shao Quanqin.Characteristics of land cover change in headwaters of the Yangtze river over the past 30 years. Journal of Geo-Information Science, 2014, 16(1): 61-69.] doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1047.2014.00061
[14]	刘宪锋, 任志远, 林志慧, 等. 2000-2011年三江源区植被覆盖时空变化特征[J]. 地理学报, 2013, 68(7): 897-908.
	[Liu Xianfeng, Ren Zhiyuan, Lin Zhihui et al. The spatial-temporal changes of vegetation coverage in the Three-River Headwater region in recent 12 years[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(7): 897-908.]
[15]	Liu Xianfeng, Zhang Jinshui, Zhu Xiufang et al. Spatiotemporal changes in vegetation coverage and its driving factors in the Three-River Headwaters Region during 2000-2011[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2014, 24(2): 288-302. doi: 10.1007/s11442-014-1088-0
[16]	Tong Laga, Xu Xinliang, Fu Ying et al. Wetland changes and their responses to climate change in the "Three-River headwaters'' region of China since the 1990s[J]. Energies, 2014, 7(4): 2515-2534.
[17]	刘纪远, 刘明亮, 庄大方, 等. 中国近期土地利用变化的空间格局分析[J]. 中国科学D辑, 2002, 32(12): 1031-1040. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1006-9267.2002.12.008
	[Liu Jiyuan, Liu Mingliang, Zhuang Dafang et al. Spatial pattern of land use change in China. Science in China:Series D, 2002, 32(12): 1031-1040.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1006-9267.2002.12.008
[18]	刘纪远, 张增祥, 庄大方. 中国土地利用变化的遥感时空信息研究[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 2005: 54-268.
	[Liu Jiyuan, Zhang Zengxiang, Zhuang Dafang.Research on the remote sensing information on land use change in 1990s, China. Beijing: Science Press, 2005: 54-268.]
[19]	刘纪远,布和敖斯尔.中国土地利用变化现代过程时空特征的研究—基于卫星遥感数据[J]. 第四纪研究, 2000, 20(3): 229-239. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2000.03.003
	[Liu Jiyuan, Buheaosier. Study on spatial-temporal feature of modern land-use change in China:using remote sensing techniques. Quaternary Sciences, 2000, 20(3): 229-239.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2000.03.003
[20]	陈浩, 赵志平. 近30年来三江源自然保护区土地覆被变化分析[J]. 地球信息科学学报, 2009, 11(3): 390-399.
	[Chen Hao, Zhao Zhiping.Analysis on the characteristics of land cover change in Nature reserves in the three river source region during recent 30 years. Geo-information Science, 2009, 11(3): 390-399.]
[21]	李辉霞, 刘国华, 傅伯杰. 基于NDVI的三江源地区植被生长对气候变化和人类活动的响应研究[J]. 生态学报, 2011, 31(19): 5495-5504.
	[Li Huixia, Liu Guohua, Fu Bojie.Response of vegetation to climate change and human activity based on NDVI in the Three-River Headwaters region. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2011, 31(19): 5495-5504.]
[22]	马松江. 三江源地区生态保护与建设投资项目实施效果分析——以格尔木市唐古拉山镇为例[J]. 草业科学, 2010, 27(9): 161-168.
	[Ma Songjiang.Analysis of ecosystem protection and construction projects implemented in Three-River Headwaters region-a case study in Tanggulashan Town of Geermu City.Pratacultural Science, 2010, 27(9): 161-168.]
[23]	李惠梅, 张安录. 三江源草地气候生产力对气候变化的响应[J]. 华中农业大学学报:社会科学版, 2014, 1: 124-130.
	[Li Huimei, Zhang Anlu.Response of grassland climate productivity to climate change in Sanjiangyuan regions. Journal of Huazhong Agricultural University, 2014, 1: 124-130.]
[24]	Fan Jiangwen, Shao Quanqin, Liu Jiyuan, et al.Assessment of effects of climate change and grazing activity on grassland yield in the Three Rivers Headwaters Region of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2010, 170(1/4): 571-584. doi: 10.1007/s10661-009-1258-1 pmid: 20041346
[25]	徐维新, 古松, 苏文将, 等. 1971-2010年三江源地区干湿状况变化的空间特征[J]. 干旱区地理, 2012, 35(1): 46-55. doi: 10.75.249.4/handle/363003/3511
	[Xu Weixin, Gu Song, Su Wenjiang et al. Spatial pattern and its variations of aridity/humidity during 1971 -2010 in Three-River Source Region on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Arid Land Geography, 2012, 35(1): 46-55.] doi: 10.75.249.4/handle/363003/3511
[26]	赵志平, 刘纪远, 邵全琴. 三江源自然保护区土地覆被变化特征分析[J]. 地理科学, 2010, 30(3): 415-420. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1560-8999.2009.03.019
	[Zhao Zhiping, Liu Jiyuan, Shao Quanqin.Characteristic analysis of land cover change in Nature reserve of three river's source regions. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2010, 30(3): 415-420.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1560-8999.2009.03.019
[27]	徐新良, 刘纪远, 邵全琴, 等. 30年来青海三江源生态系统格局和空间结构动态变化[J]. 地理研究, 2008, 27(4): 829-838, 974.
	[Xu Xinliang, Liu Jiyuan, Shao Quanqin et al. The dynamic changes of ecosystem spatial pattern and structure in the Three-River headwaters region in Qinghai Province during recent 30 years. Geographical Research, 2008, 27(4): 829-838, 974.]

编码	类型	参考文献中分类体系^[11,18,19]	编码	类型	参考文献中分类体系^[11,18,19]
20	林地	21有林地、23疏林地、 24其他林地	40	水体与沼泽	41河渠、42湖泊、43水库坑塘、44永久冰川雪地、46滩地、64沼泽地
22	灌丛	22灌木林	50	居民地	51城镇用地、52农村居民点、53其他建设用地
31	高覆盖草地	31高覆盖度草地	60	沙地、戈壁与裸地	61沙地、62戈壁、63盐碱地、65裸土地、66裸岩石砾地
32	中覆盖草地	32中覆盖度草地	60	沙地、戈壁与裸地	61沙地、62戈壁、63盐碱地、65裸土地、66裸岩石砾地
33	低覆盖草地	33低覆盖度草地	67	荒漠	67其他未利用土地,包括高寒荒漠,苔原等

	长江源区							黄河源区
土地覆被类型	高覆盖草地		中覆盖草地	低覆盖草地	水体与沼泽	沙地、戈壁与裸地	荒漠	林地	灌丛	高覆盖草地	中覆盖草地	低覆盖草地	水体与沼泽	沙地、戈壁与裸地
林地	--	--	--	--	--	--		30.29	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
灌丛	--	--	--	--	--	--		0.00	687.26	1.50	2.83	0.28	0.26	0.00
高覆盖草地	1398.20	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00		0.00	0.00	12261.27	416.88	25.66	11.46	0.04
中覆盖草地	0.00	2442.57	0.00	0.47	0.00	0.00		0.00	0.00	4.40	7096.47	295.92	0.18	2.91
低覆盖草地	0.00	0.00	8162.07	1.63	0.00	0.24		0.00	0.00	0.24	7.63	15038.61	9.15	93.32
水体与沼泽	0.00	0.00	1.28	1854.86	0.85	5.11		0.00	0.00	0.76	0.00	6.50	4061.25	0.00
沙地、戈壁与裸地	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	2333.10	0.00		0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	21.59	0.00	3851.44
荒漠	0.00	0.00	0.00	2.76	0.00	3216.26		--	--	--	--	--	--	--

长江源区								黄河源区
土地覆被类型		高覆盖草地	中覆盖草地	低覆盖草地	水体与沼泽	沙地、戈壁与裸地	荒漠	林地	灌丛	高覆盖草地	中覆盖草地	低覆盖草地	水体与沼泽	沙地、戈壁与裸地
林地	--	--	--	--	--	--		30.29	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
灌丛	--	--	--	--	--	--		0.00	686.58	0.67	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
高覆盖草地	1398.20	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00		0.00	0.00	11960.96	227.46	74.71	4.93	0.00
中覆盖草地	0.00	2442.42	0.00	0.15	0.00	0.00		0.00	0.00	0.00	7223.77	294.94	0.61	4.50
低覆盖草地	0.00	0.00	8160.92	2.43	0.00	0.00		0.00	0.00	0.13	1.87	14615.70	3.81	766.73
水体与沼泽	0.00	0.00	0.00	1859.73	0.00	0.00		0.00	0.00	20.79	18.45	48.64	3993.13	1.28
沙地、戈壁与裸地	0.00	0.00	0.00	1.28	2332.67	0.00		0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	31.97	0.00	3915.74
荒漠	0.00	0.00	0.44	6.96	0.00	3214.21		--	--	--	--	--	--	--

长江源区								黄河源区
土地覆被类型		高覆盖草地	中覆盖草地	低覆盖草地	水体与沼泽	沙地、戈壁与裸地	荒漠	林地	灌丛	高覆盖草地	中覆盖草地	低覆盖草地	水体与沼泽	沙地、戈壁与裸地
林地	--	--	--	--	--	--		30.29	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
灌丛	--	--	--	--	--	--		0.00	686.58	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
高覆盖草地	1394.97	2.86	0.19	0.17	0.00	0.00		0.00	0.00	11957.12	21.44	1.96	2.04	0.00
中覆盖草地	0.18	2441.39	0.78	0.06	0.00	0.00		0.00	0.00	190.10	7271.07	1.67	8.71	0.00
低覆盖草地	0.84	5.32	8138.59	8.91	7.70	0.00		0.00	0.00	18.74	627.85	14329.64	89.74	0.00
水体与沼泽	7.26	3.93	1.87	1855.25	2.23	0.00		0.00	0.00	3.31	0.27	14.62	3984.29	0.00
沙地、戈壁与裸地	0.02	0.95	43.02	5.70	2282.98	0.00		0.00	0.00	0.00	0.63	209.17	8.97	4469.47
荒漠	0.40	1.19	1.64	5.55	0.00	3205.43		--	--	--	--	--	--	--

近30年来长江源区与黄河源区土地覆被及其变化对比分析

Different Characteristics of Land Cover Changes in Source Region of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River in the Past 30 Years

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

赞

可视化

被引次数

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 11

参考文献 27

相关文章 10

Metrics

本文评价

推荐阅读 0

[1]	张静, 任志远. 基于MOD16的汉江流域地表蒸散发时空特征[J]. 地理科学, 2017, 37(2): 274-282.
[2]	于皓, 张柏, 王宗明, 任春颖, 毛德华, 贾明明. 1990~2015年韩国土地覆被变化及其驱动因素[J]. 地理科学, 2017, 37(11): 1755-1763.
[3]	李常斌, 杨林山, 杨文瑾, 王帅兵. 洮河流域土地利用/土地覆被变化及其驱动机制研究[J]. 地理科学, 2014, 34(7): 848-855.
[4]	罗栋梁, 金会军, 林琳, 何瑞霞, 杨思忠, 常晓丽. 黄河源区多年冻土温度及厚度研究新进展[J]. 地理科学, 2012, 32(7): 898-904.
[5]	沈德福, 李世杰, 陈炜, 姜永见, 聂欣. 黄河源区鄂陵湖现代湖盆形态研究[J]. 地理科学, 2011, 31(10): 1261-1265.
[6]	赵志平, 刘纪远, 邵全琴. 三江源自然保护区土地覆被变化特征分析[J]. 地理科学, 2010, 30(3): 415-420.
[7]	董满宇, 吴正方, 江源. 近百年来中国东北与日本北海道地区气温变化对比[J]. 地理科学, 2009, 29(5): 684-689.
[8]	陈颖彪, 周倩仪, 陈健飞. 近30年广州市土地覆被变化时空特征分析[J]. 地理科学, 2009, 29(3): 368-374.
[9]	苏伟忠, 杨英宝, 杨桂山. 南京市热场分布特征及其与土地利用/覆被关系研究[J]. 地理科学, 2005, 25(6): 697-703.
[10]	沙占江, 马海州, 李玲琴, 周笃君, 曹广超, 欧立业, 黄华兵, 杨海镇. 多尺度空间分层聚类算法在土地利用与土地覆被研究中的应用[J]. 地理科学, 2004, 24(4): 477-483.