Water is a naturally circulating resource that is constantly recharged. Therefore, even though the stocks of water in natural and artificial reservoirs are helpful to increase the available water resources for human society, the flow of water should be the main focus in water resources assessments. The climate system puts an upper limit on the circulation rate of available renewable freshwater resources (RFWR). Although current global withdrawals are well below the upper limit, more than two billion people live in highly water-stressed areas because of the uneven distribution of RFWR in time and space. Climate change is expected to accelerate water cycles and thereby increase the available RFWR. This would slow down the increase of people living under water stress; however, changes in seasonal patterns and increasing probability of extreme events may offset this effect. Reducing current vulnerability will be the first step to prepare for such anticipated changes.

The article details the development and uses of the water poverty index (WPI). The index was developed as a holistic tool to measure water stress at the household and community levels, designed to aid national decision makers, at community and central government level, as well as donor agencies, to determine priority needs for interventions in the water sector. The index combines into a single number a cluster of data directly and indirectly relevant to water stress. Subcomponents of the index include measures of: access to water; water quantity, quality and variability; water uses (domestic, food, productive purposes); capacity for water management; and environmental aspects. The WPI methodology was developed through pilot projects in South Africa, Tanzania and Sri Lanka and involved intensive participation and consultation with all stakeholders, including water users, politicians, water sector professionals, aid agency personnel and others. The article discusses approaches for the further implementation of the water poverty index, including the possibilities of acquiring the necessary data through existing national surveys or by establishing interdisciplinary water modules in school curricula. The article argues that the WPI fills the need for a simple, open and transparent tool, one that will appeal to politicians and decision makers, and at the same time can empower poor people to participate in the better targeting of water sector interventions and development budgets in general.

Abstract The Water Poverty Index (WPI) expands the analysis of China water crises from hydrology to a broader focus on integrated water resources management including economic and social factors. This index was revised by principal component analysis (PCA) to avoid arbitrariness of weights and collinearity between variables. However, the traditional PCA is primarily oriented for static data, and it fails to reveal the evolutionary trend of data over time. Moreover, the conventional normalization methods are not adequate when the dimension of time is added to the data. In this study, the transformation of centralized logarithm of initial variable and holistic and dynamic principal component analysis are firstly proposed, then the improved methods are applied to assess water poverty in China using panel data from 2004 to 2012. The estimated WPI shows the growing scale and the clustering trend of regional water poverty. The analysis of influential factors reveals that aquatic environmental pollution is a vital driver of water poverty. Water resource endowment is the second important factor concerning regional water poverty. Inability to adapt to water scarcity, which leads to weak physical water access and low efficiency of water use, is still a critical driver of regional water poverty. Finally, the regional disparities and alleviation strategies of water poverty are discussed.

The Water Poverty Index (WPI) was created as an interdisciplinary indicator to assess water stress and scarcity, linking physical estimates of water availability with the socioeconomic drivers of poverty. This index has found great relevance in policy making as an effective water management tool, particularly in resources allocation and prioritization processes. Two conceptual weaknesses exist in the current index: (1) inadequate technique to combine available data and (2) poor statistical properties of the resulting composite. The purpose of this paper is to propose a suitable methodology to assess water poverty that overcomes these weaknesses. To this end, a number of combinations to create the WPI have been considered, based on indicators selection criteria, simple aggregation functions and multivariate analysis. The approach adopted has been designed for universal application at local scale. To exemplify the utilization of each alternative method, they have been piloted and implemented in the Turkana District (Kenya) as a case study. The paper concludes that the weighted multiplicative function is the most appropriate aggregation method for estimation of water poverty. It is least eclipsing and ambiguous free function, and it does not allow compensability among different variables of the index.

AbstractThis article details an application of Water Poverty Index (WPI) to evaluate state of water resources in the context of Nepalese river basins with a case study of Kali Gandaki River Basin (KGRB) located in western Nepal. Considering that water poverty issues and indicators to represent them are location-specific, selecting suitable indicators with due care of local context and data availability is essential to apply the WPI, a holistic tool for water resources planning and management. In this study, it suggests and describes a set of ten WPI indicators and twelve variables suitable in the Nepalese context. The selected set of indicators and variables is used to discuss water poverty situation in the study basin as a whole, spatial variation within the basin and variation at different spatial scales in the basin, that is, basin, sub-unit of the basin (district) and sub-unit of the district (Village Development Committee (VDC)). The study result shows that WPI varies widely (from 37.1 to 56.5) within the study basin suggesting the need of location-specific policy interventions. At different spatial scales, there is no clear trend; however, analysis of the WPI components shows higher resources and access at basin level; higher use, environment and capacity at sub-sub-unit of the basin level. Such variations suggest the need of scale-specific policy interventions and management plans to improve overall water poverty situation in the study basin. Overall, the WPI helped to examine the water poverty situation and recommend priority areas of policy interventions for the improvement of water-poverty situation in the basin.

Abstract). The WPI6565score was contrasted with the WPI at community level. It was also calculated for two community areas with different caste and socio-economic characteristics and weighted separately according to water issues prioritized by men and women. The WPI6565revealed a great difference in water access between the two areas and in prioritized issues between men and women illustrating the importance of appropriate spatial representation and gender sensitive assessments for revealing important disparities. Results also showed that highly aggregated data hide these differences making it more difficult to target the most vulnerable groups when planning measures to increase equitable water allocation. While quantitative data reveal an important perspective of the water situation, qualitative data about adequacy of resources, services or institutions, improve understanding of which issues to prioritize. A valid and useful community water index must be based on representative participation, transparency and local influence on the methodology and subsequent results.

水贫困理论导源于一般的贫困理论,该理论确定了人们为了消除贫困 必须具备的五种能力.五种基本能力与人们生存发展的五种生计资本以及水贫困的五个维度三者之间存在某种对应关系;水贫困的定义仍然处于争论之中,但是任何 人对它的限定至少都包含着生计资本的一个或者多个方面.水贫困的测量也经历了由单个变量到多个变量、由相等权重到不同权重、由简单到复杂的演变过程.水贫 困研究结果的分析方法也有五种之多,各有所侧重.在水贫困理论研究的国际应用方面,最具有代表性的成果是Caroline Sullivan博士于2002年在测算了各国WPI的基础上,对世界上147个国家的WPI得分进行了排队,结果芬兰以78.0的得分高居榜首,海地得 分35.1分,列147位,中国得51.1分,居106位,并且根据计算数据编制了全球WPI地图.在国别研究中,Claudia Heidecke于2006对贝宁全国各地区的WPI值进行了计算,经研究,建立了贝宁的WPI地理空间数据库.另外,WPI还可在流域和社区尺度上应 用.近年来,水贫困理论进一步发展为WWI和CVI,显示出水贫困理论的前景和发展趋势.

Water poverty is defined as the lack of water in nature or the capacity to use water, and can be divided into two levels : natural level and eco-social level. With The author treated watershed as a basic unit, this paper has for study to builtd a reasonable water poverty assessment index system, use WPI model and made appropriate modifications based on the watershed situation, which. The assessment of water poverty is decided by multiple ingredients. The new index system includes natural resource, access, capacityital, usage and environment to assess the water poverty in Ganjiang Basin. Among them, natural resource Access sub-system refers to the use of groundwater and surface water resources. The access use sub-system reflects the degree of public access to clean water and water security. The capacity sub-system reflects the impact of socio-economic conditions onto the water industry by, considering all aspects of integrated water management. The usage sub-system reflects the efficient use of water use efficiency in industry, agriculture and other departments and the environment sub-system includes potential pressure suffered by water quality and ecological environment, which reflects the impact of resource utilization on environmental impact of resource utilization. In this paper, weights of the indexes in each sub-system werewere determined by PCA (Principal Component Analysis) method. The theory of WPI was used in Ganjiang Basin and data for analysis were collected from Jiangxi Province Statistic Yearbooks (2008-2010), Jiangxi Province Environment Statistic Yearbooks (2008-2010), Jiangxi Province Environmental Comprehensive Improvement Examination Results (2008-2010), Jiangxi Province National economic and social development Statistic Yearbooks, and field survey results fromin Jiangxi Province Environmental Protection Office. In terms of regional exploratory spatial data analysis, the basin could be classified into three categories. The assessment rResults showed that the situation of water poverty inof Ganjiang Basin wasere better in 2007-2009, but while slightly a little worsereduce in 2009 due to, there are problems in management; the situation in Nanchang city was relatively severer, because of the pressure of population and polluting enterprises, while. Whereas thatat in Xinyu city, Pingxiang city, which are which located in the middle of the basin, wasere better. This coincides with water pollution situation in Ganjiang Basin. The bad water poverty situation sudden fall into a bad situation in Jian city mainly results from, its deep reason is the decrease plummeted of environmental protection investment index and, the pollution control investment, while reducing the environmental protection investment index is the main manipulative indicator for while the growth of the GDP, which further causes water poverty aggravated.Tthe good situation of water poverty in Ganjiang Basin was getting better, and the environmental protection investment index is the main manipulative indicators. Therefore, Tthe government needs to increase investment and effortsstrength in environmental protection, to better protect the environment and control pollution.

The water poverty theory has created opportunities and inspired ideas to provide a theoretical basis of mitigating water shortage. Water poverty is defined as the lack of water in nature or the lack of capacity or power to use water. Water poverty can be divided into natural level and eco-social level. To build a reasonable index system, the sub-systems of Water Poverty Index (WPI) were appropriately adjusted, deviating from the original WPI. The new index system includes natural resource, access, capital, usage, and the environment. Access sub-system was expanded with supply, usage, and sewage treatment of water. The use sub-system was expanded with pressure and anti-reverse zone. The capacity sub-system was enriched by government capacity, economic capacity of citizen, and technological level. The environment sub-system was enriched by governance. Weights of the index in each subsystem were determined by the combination weighting method, which synthesized the results of the analytic hierarchy process and entropy method. The dynamic analytic hierarchy process was used to determine the weights of five subsystems to respond the current situation that the capability of adaption to water resource scarcity is enhancing with the development of economy and society. The theory of WPI was used in China and data for analysis were collected from China Statistical Yearbooks, China Water Resources Bulletins, and China agricultural Statistic Yearbooks. Results showed good coupling of water resource and human development. Specifically, situations of water poverty of Gansu, Shanxi, Henan, Ningxia, Heilongjiang, Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Jilin and Shandong were relatively severer, whereas that of Guangdong, Hainan, Fujian, Zhejiang, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Shanghai, Chongqing, Sichuan, and Hunan were better. Radar chart was used to illustrate which aspect of the subsystems was weak in each province. The quantity of water in the southeastern China is more than the northwest in general. The situation of access and capacity in eastern coastal areas is generally better than other regions. Most of top 10 access and capacity is in eastern provinces. Most of areas which show good results in the use sub-system have limited natural water resources. The pressure of population and economy forces those areas to improve the efficiency of water use and enhance the realization of saving water. Most of provinces having good scores in the environment sub-systems have relatively developed economy. The government has more experience and strength to protect the environment and control pollution. Results of ESDA show that the global spatial association of water poverty in China was significant in both natural water poverty and eco-social water poverty. The natural water poverty is slightly mitigated in some regions in China. In terms of regional exploratory spatial data analysis, these provinces could be classified into four categories. The patterns of water poverty were almost the same for both natural water poverty and eco-social water poverty. The result demonstrates that the capacity of social adaption still seems weak for most regions.

在牛津大学水贫困指数和联合国开发计划署人类贫困指数基础上,分别综合考虑资源、设施、能力、使用、环境5方面和收入、支出、教育、健康、发展环境、家庭供养及就业6方面,构建适用于我国省际间进行比较的中国水贫困评价指标体系和中国经济贫困评价指标体系,利用主客观综合评价法为各指标赋以权重。对2009年中国各省市（自治区）水贫困及经济贫困水平进行评价,根据评价结果进行水贫困与经济贫困的耦合协调度分析并进行空间分异。计算结果能够反映我国水贫困水平和经济贫困程度的实际情况,并显示我国大部分地区的水贫困与经济贫困存在较高程度的耦合度,水贫困与经济贫困整体水平从西到东逐渐变好,得出我国水贫困与经济贫困为共生关系、在扶贫政策中应加入减少水贫困策略的结论。最后,从建立与完善水权制度、改善农业水利基础条件、保障饮用水安全和加强水生态保护与管理等方面对我国减贫问题提供政策启示。

本文在对美日法三国农业现代化发展模式进行介绍的基础上，通过比较深刻剖析其对重庆市加速推进农业现代化进程的启示。结合重庆市发展实际，本文为重庆市加速推进农业现代化的战略取向为：因地制宜、优化布局，发展特色效益农业；活跃要素、充足动力，强化科学发展；改善条件、强劲体质，打破发展僵局；攻坚克难，深化改革，破除农业现代化发展体制性障碍等方面。

The modernization of agriculture is a crucial symbol of the progress of social civilization, and an essential part of China's "four modernizations" of the simultaneous development. From the geographic perspective, this paper tries to comprehensively evaluate the development level of agricultural modernization in China by building index system with multi-index comprehensive evaluation method and Delphi method. Besides, it uses some spatial analyses and type researches to explore the regional differentiation law about the development of agricultural modernization in China in order to provide reference for its rapid and steady development. The results indicate that: (1) From the national level, Chinese agricultural modernization development level can be categorized into the eastern and western parts according to Hu's line, presenting a pattern of "high east and low west". At the same time, Chinese agricultural modernization development level improves on the whole with the increase of distance from Hu's line, presenting a pattern of slightly flattened "S" curve; (2) From the local perspective, there are obvious regional differences in the development level of agricultural modernization among the eastern, western and central regions and Northeast China, and in space a trend of decrease is found in the development level of agricultural modernization from the east, north-east, center to the west; (3) The four sub-dimensions indicators of the development level of Chinese agricultural modernization in the geographical space also reveal some regional differentiation pattern, and how to break the stereotype and path dependence of agriculture development will become the practical problem and scientific issue for government at all levels and geographers; (4) The development level of Chinese agricultural modernization can be divided into five types of areas and different areas should have clear present and future development ideas and strategies.

The modernization of agriculture is the most fundamental one of "the four modernizations", and it has significant differences among the east, middle and west China, the same problems are also existed in the medium and micro level. The time-space analysis on the modernization of agriculture can help us to understand the mechanism of the changes about agricultural modernization. Computing the composite scores based on the figures about the modernization of agriculture in Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia region, using various methods to describing it's characters of the space changing and reveal the reasons. The results show that scores of the agricultural modernization in 3 provinces are increased dramatically. The speed of development about modernization of agriculture in 2005-2010 is faster than that in 1996-2000 and 2000-2005 periods, and the trend of development is more and more balanced. It indicates that the policies have carried out by the government already play important roles to foster the agricultural modernization. The changing of the pattern about 28 cities in 2005-2010 is faster than the previous two periods, and the cities in Shaanxi province change more notable. The traditional agriculture changed slowly, but the modern agriculture is becoming more and more complicated, so it changes more frequently. Besides the factors existed in the system itself, there are also some other factors affect the pattern changing about the modernization of agriculture, such as financial support for agriculture, agricultural loans, regional traffic net, rural human capital and the application of the agricultural technology et, and play an more important role. In order to improve the development level of agricultural modernization in northwest region, we should increase the financial investment, promote the spread of agricultural technology and science, enhance the transportation network, and practice water-saving agriculture.

New industrialization, new urbanization and agricultural modernization are the three strategies of modernization construction in the 21st century in China, the coordination development of which will effectively promote the process of national modernization and regional coordination development. The supporting guidance of state council of China on the speeding up constructing the Zhongyuan economic region of Henan Province is issued on September 29th, 2011, which marks the rise of official national strategy of Zhongyuan economic region. In state guidance, the way of actively exploring the coordination development of industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization (IUAM for short) will be not done at the expense of agriculture and food, while ecology and the environment is the key construction task. How to make the coordination of the three-process is an important proposition, so we give a theory for explaining IUAM coordination development based on urban-regional system model. According to internal mechanism, interactive principal of urbanregional system, this article proposes a trinity social engineering system model of IUAM coordination development. It gave a basic analysis on industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization from the national strategy requirement, and makes a quantitative analysis on IUAM coordination development process through overall coordination evaluation model, urbanization comparative analysis model and urban-rural coordination development model. The results show that the industrialization contributes to economic development weakly, the urbanization level lags the industrialization level and industry structure in the same period, and the urban-rural relation is in an unstable fluctuating status.

Taking the Jilin Province as a study case, this article used the methods of coupling coordination degree model, exploratory spatial analysis and obstacle degree model to study the spatio-temporal pattern and obstacle indicators of four modernizations coordination development at the level of county in 2003 and 2012. Conclusions are drawn as follows: 1) The level of four modernizations is volatile and non-equilibrium, and the level of agricultural modernization shows an increasing trend. The spatial difference of industrialization and urbanization keeps reducing, and the spatial difference of informatization and agricultural modernization increases gradually. 2) The coupling degree of four modernizations development in Jilin Province is at low level on the whole, and the coupling degree in urban agglomeration of central Jilin and eastern border area is high relatively, the coupling degree in western inland is low. The coordinating degree mainly shows the serious disorder, moderate disorder and mild discord, and the sync phenomenon is obvious. 3) The similar region of four modernizations coordination changes from discrete distributions to weak agglomeration state. The hotspots of four modernization coordination are centralized in the regions of Changchun-Jilin, Yanbian and Tonghua. The hotspot counties have been decreased remarkably, and coldspot counties are increased gradually. 4) The output value proportion of tertiary industry, per capita GDP, the proportion of non-agricultural population, number of medical beds per ten thousand people and total turnover of postal and telecommunication services per capita were verified to be the first five obstacle indicators for further improvement of four modernizations coordination in 2003, and the output value proportion of secondary industry, the employment proportion of secondary industry, per capita gross industrial output value, average agricultural production per counties and average agricultural production per employee were verified to be the first five obstacle indicators for further improvement of four modernizations coordination in 2012. The order of sub-system obstacle degree is urbanization> agricultural modernization> industrialization> informatization. Finally, 3 driving forces of four modernizations coordination in Jilin Province have been drawn: regional policies, economic and industrial foundation, physical geography condition, and we put forward the main pathway to improve the level of four modernizations coordination. Generally speaking, the four modernizations coordination is complicate system engineering, and promoting the new urbanization development is also very long at the same time, therefore, some efforts should be made in the choices of index, methods and scale in the future.

<p>工业化、城镇化和农业现代化相互影响,三者相互促进、相辅相成,有着内在的逻辑关系。通过建立吉林省工业化、城镇化和农业现代化评价指标体系,基于1991~2009 年时间序列数据利用因子分析法计算了吉林省工业化、城镇化和农业现代化的发展指数,三条发展指数曲线相互交错,趋势基本相同,尤其是工业化和城镇化水平都在不断进步。但从三者对比来看,三化之间不同步现象明显,出现脱节现象。进而对其进行多变量协整检验,结果表明：&ldquo;三化&rdquo;在时间上并非同步而生,工业化的进步会滞后一期引起城镇化水平和农业现代化水平提高,工业化对&ldquo;三化&rdquo;的拉动作用在短期内立即体现,长期内需要工业化水平的不断提高才能为&ldquo;三化&rdquo;的进步提供源源不断的动力。农业现代化水平的提高也会促进城镇化水平提高,但是需要滞后三期才会体现。据此提出&ldquo;三化&rdquo;统筹的基本思路是&ldquo;用农业化范式发展工业化&rdquo;,&ldquo;用工业化范式发展农业现代化&rdquo;,&ldquo;用工农业融合集聚发展城镇化&rdquo;。</p>

AbstractWater resources are declining at an alarming rate in the world. The use of water resources for agricultural production has contributed to the rapid decline in quantity and degradation of water quality. Though sustainable agriculture must be economically viable, ecologically sound and socially responsible, water scarcity has challenged the sustainability of agriculture, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. There is a relative consensus among professionals that the increasing water scarcity through excessive use of water and mismanagement of the available water resources are major concerns for agricultural sustainability. Agricultural sustainability is assessed using various indicators, but the contribution of the water factor in those indicators is limited. Therefore, we review the role of sustainable water management in achieving agricultural sustainability. We propose an agricultural water poverty index (AWPI) as an instrument to provide a holistic picture of vital issues for sustainable water management. We also distill key components of the agricultural water poverty index and discuss its applications. The agricultural water poverty index can be used to assess the agricultural water poverty among farmers and regions and to provide guidelines for sustainable water management. This article uses the case of Iran to illustrate the application of the agricultural water poverty index in analyzing agricultural water poverty and providing recommendations for sustainable water management.

Livelihoods in the Niger River basin rely mainly on rainfed agriculture, except in the dry extreme north. Low yields and water productivity result from low inputs, short growing seasons, dry spells, and excessive water. The overlap of traditional and modern rules impedes secure access to water and investments in agriculture by generating uncertain land tenure. Improved agriculture and water management require technical, sociological, and regulatory changes to address the wider causes of poverty. Illiteracy and poor water quality, both correlated with high infant mortality, are pressing problems. Rapidly increasing population, climatic changes and dam construction contribute to rural vulnerability.

Agricultural Water Resources system is an intricate socio-economy ecosystem, thus, factors affecting Sustainable Utilization of Agricultural Water Resources (SUAWR) is complicated.Intricate connotation of SUAWR can only be assessed by applying indicators system(IS) properly.Being too many indicators in indicators system to assess SUAWR, it will be complicated due to information overlap of indicators.While, if deleting indicators at random, information reflecting SUAWR will be cut, and evaluation results will be wrong.Factor Analysis is a rather well method in reducing redundance information.The magistral information can be separated from numerous Factors effecting on SUAWR spatial variation by factor Analysis, thereby, analysis of spatial variation of SUAWR will be simplified.Study shows that spatial variation pattern of SUAWR in Northeast China displays as capacity of SUAWR decreasing inwards as an arc from North, Northeast and East on the whole.The dominant factors influencing the spatial variation pattern are water resources, ability of eco-environment reserving and accommodating water resources, and income from water resources use in Northeast China.The indicators reflecting the three dominant factors and being distinctly correlative to the spatial variation pattern are water resources quantity and crop season rainfall per hectare of tilth, gap between average annual rainfall and average annual evaporation, aridity index, runoff coefficient, the proportion of paddy field to tilth, rice yield per stere of irrigation water.According to SUAWR contribution of the 7 principal components retrieved from indicators system by factor analysis, the key of entire improvement of SUAWR of the whole evaluating area depends on adjustment of anthropogenic activities to lessen bad human impact on SUAWR.

Water is considered as the most critical resource for sustainable agricultural development worldwide. Irrigated areas will increase in forthcoming years, while fresh water supplies will be diverted from agriculture to meet the increasing demand of domestic use and industry. Furthermore, the efficiency of irrigation is very low, since less than 65% of the applied water is actually used by the crops. The sustainable use of irrigation water is a priority for agriculture in arid areas. So, under scarcity conditions and climate change considerable effort has been devoted over time to introduce policies aiming to increase water efficiency based on the assertion that more can be achieved with less water through better management. Better management usually refers to improvement of water allocation and/or irrigation water efficiency. The former is closely related to adequate pricing, while the latter depends on the type of irrigation technology, environmental conditions and the scheduling of water application. Agricultural practices, such as soil management, irrigation and fertilizer application and disease and pest control are related with the sustainable water management in agriculture and protection of the environment. Socio-economic pressures and climate change impose restrictions to water allocated to agriculture. The adoption of sustainable water management in Mediterranean is not only a technological problem but involves many other considerations relative to social behavior of rural communities, the economic constrains, or the legal and institutional framework that may favor the adoption of some measures and not others. Sustainable water management in agriculture, which has a multi-functional role in Southern Europe, can be achieved by adopting improvements in irrigation application, soil and plant practices, water pricing, reuse of treated wastewater, farmers participation in water management and capacity building.

The authors analysed livelihood conditions in 10 river basins over three continents to identify generalizable links between water, agriculture and poverty. There were significant variations in hydrological conditions, livelihood strategies and institutions across basins, but also systematic patterns across levels of economic development. At all levels, access to water is influenced by local, regional or national institutions, while the importance of national versus local institutions and livelihood strategies vary with economic development. The cross-basin analysis suggests a framework for thinking about water–agriculture–poverty links that can inform future research and policy development.

通过构建水资源与农业经济增长的面板VAR模型,利用1998-2009年中国省级面板数据,检验与分析了水资源与农业经济增长的内在依存和因果关系。研究结果表明:①东部、中部和西部地区水资源和农业经济增长之间存在长期协整关系;②无论在短期内,还是在长期内,东部、中部和西部地区的水资源均是推动农业经济增长的重要因素,并且随着时间的推移,水资源对农业经济增长的影响逐步加强;③农业经济增长对水资源的影响存在明显的区域差异。中部地区所受影响最大,东部次之,西部相对较小。因此,为实现水资源与农业经济增长的协调发展,中国应该提高农业水资源的利用效率,根据各区域水资源和农业经济增长的不同因果关系因地制宜地制定水资源政策。

<p>新型城市化、新型工业化与服务业现代化(&ldquo;新三化&rdquo;)三者之间有着相互依赖、协调和促进的耦合互动关系,它们的良性共振是城市可持续发展的必要条件之一。在阐述&ldquo;新三化&rdquo;耦合协调的涵义基础上,构建了1套指标体系,采用全局主成分分析法计算了其&ldquo;新三化&rdquo;的发展水平;再运用耦合度和协调性模型,对2004～2010年10个超大城市&ldquo;新三化&rdquo;的时空协调规律进行了实证分析,研究结论是:① 一线城市的&ldquo;新三化&rdquo;水平明显高于二线城市,特别是北京、上海和广州分列前三。② 各市耦合均处于颉颃阶段,基本上属于粗放水平,其中6市的耦合协调性均处于中等水平,一线城市的耦合协调性高于二线城市。③ 就时序性来说,各市的耦合度出现波动变化,而协调性基本处于上升趋势,二线城市协调性上升的速度要快于一线城市。④ 就空间分异性而论,各市的耦合协调组合状况与其发展水平存在一定的空间对应性,即一线城市优于二线城市。</p>

耦合是指两个或两个以上系统的相互作用与相互影响。由于从自然界提取资源并进行加工,最后并排放废弃物质到自然界,区域经济子系统和环境子系统通过各自元素的相互作用彼此影响形成经济环境耦合关系。本文运用耦合协调度模型,通过建立中国区域经济发展与环境污染耦合度评价指标体系,对中国350个地级单元的经济环境耦合度和协调度计算后进行空间格局分析。研究发现,中国经济环境系统整体上处于低耦合低协调状态,东部沿海地区的都市经济区和中部重要人口产业集聚区耦合度和协调度相对较高,远西部和东中部偏远地区的耦合度和协调度相对较低。根据各地级单元经济发展和环境污染耦合度和协调度可以将现有国土划分为经济环境和谐区、经济环境磨合区、经济环境拮抗区及经济环境低耦合区4个类型区。通过对4种类型区的工业结构分析后发现,不同类型区工业结构存在很大差异。经济环境和谐区工业以电子机械、设备制造等高端装备制造产业为主;经济环境磨合区工业主要以机械装备制造和部分污染性的冶金、化工、电力产业为主;经济环境拮抗区工业则以钢铁、石化、煤炭、建材、发电等污染性行业为主,是中国污染性行业最集中的地区,也是未来环境质量面临最大风险的地区;经济环境低耦合区工业则以初级产品加工和生产为主。

The coordinated development degree is based on the mutual dependence of the system and realizes the development of positive and harmonious development, reflecting the level of the system's coordination on the basis of the coordination of the situation. Tourism economic system and traffic system are two subsystems and there is a significant coupling between the two. Urban tourism economy and transportation system influence each other and promote each other. Based on the mechanism of mutual coordination development between tourism economy and transportation, by establishing the evaluation system of the coordinated development about tourism economy and transportation and employing coordinated development degree model, this article, taking Chizhou as an example, quantitatively measures its coordinated development degree about tourism economy and transportation. The outcome shows that the efficiency index of Chizhou's tourism economy and transportation tends to rise and the tourism economy-transportation system of Chizhou City from 2002 to 2012 is in the process of continuous development of coupling and coordination;the coordinated development degree of tourism economy and transportation system has increased from 0 in 2002 to 0.678 in 2012, remaining in the primary coordinated development class. The trend of coordinated development about tourism economy- transportation system of Chizhou City is better. Promoting to the excellent coordinated development, it needs transportation system to play a better role in following: 1) promoting tourism economy, 2) gradually enhancing the development level of air and rail in Chizhou, to improve the level of tourism reception service, 3) strengthening the regional cooperation to promote international marketing strategy actively, 4) accelerating the transformation and upgrading of tourism for promoting the sustainable development of tourism, and 5) strengthening cooperation between the two major departments of tourism and transportation. Under the double opportunities that the construction of the industrial transfer demonstration zone of the cities along the river in Anhui Province and international cultural tourism demonstration area in the south of Anhui Province, which are the national strategy, the development of tourism economy in Chizhou should speed up the upgrading of tourism industry with the rapid development of tourism, and the traffic system should strengthen the cooperation of tourism development, and provide a more efficient and comfortable traffic environment for the tourism economy.

论文构建辽宁沿海经济带用水效率与经济耦合协调发展评价指标体系，首先运用改进的突变模型对2001—2010 年辽宁沿海经济带用水效率和经济发展各子系统进行状态评估，其次运用耦合协调模型对辽宁沿海经济带各市用水效率与经济发展的耦合协调度进行评价。研究结果表明：①辽宁沿海经济带整体用水效率与经济发展耦合度水平从0.437 提高到0.498，呈缓慢提高状态，但一直处于拮抗阶段。用水效率水平与经济发展水平差距不断减小，耦合协调度从0.254 增大到0.408，呈增大趋势但仍处于中低度协调水平；②辽宁沿海经济带各市用水效率与经济发展都处于上升趋势，其中用水效率最好的为大连市，用水效率评估值已达到0.887，其次为锦州、营口和葫芦岛，丹东和盘锦市用水效率处于最低水平，分别为0.604和0.535。经济发展水平最高的为大连市，其次为营口和盘锦市，丹东、锦州和葫芦岛较差； ③各市耦合度均处于拮抗阶段，并且处于上升趋势。大连市和营口市耦合协调度2010年已分别达到0.457 和0.401，已从低度协调进入中度协调且呈不断上升趋势，丹东、锦州、盘锦和葫芦岛均处于低度协调阶段，呈波动式上升。各市的经济发展滞后于水资源利用效率的提高，导致耦合协调度一直处于中低度协调水平；④辽宁沿海经济带耦合度和协调度的区域差距在不断减小，经济带协同发展趋势越加明显。