人类福祉视角下中国生态效率时空演化研究

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2018.10.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于非径向、非角度的SBM模型和Malmquist生产率指数模型,对2000~2015年中国30个地区的生态效率进行测度,对中国生态效率的时空动态变化特征及其驱动因素进行研究。结果表明：2000~2015年中国生态效率呈缓慢波动上升的特点,但整体处于中等水平;生态效率的高值区主要集中在东西部,中部生态效率相对较低;除北京、天津、上海、山东、海南外,其余地区都需要调整配比关系来改善生态效率;人类福祉在某些地区已成为制约生态效率的第一影响因素;中国生态效率的全要素生产率、技术进步变化指数以及纯技术效率变化指数均呈波动中缓慢上升的特点,规模效率变化指数则呈下降趋势,除四川全要素生产率的提高完全得益于规模效率外,科技进步对其他地区均具有正向作用。

关键词: 人类福祉, 生态效率, SBM模型, 全要素生产率及其分解指数

Abstract:

In today’s development of the concept of "people-oriented", it is not only the pursuit of resources, economy and environment sustainable development, but also human sustainable development. Therefore, the ecological efficiency can not only reflect the resources, economy, environment coordination, and it’s better to pursue the sustainable development of people, resources, economy and environment. The sustainable development of human beings is aimed at improving the human well-being and enhancing the happiness of people. Improving people’s livelihood and well-being is the basic starting point and goal of regional economic and social development in China. Therefore, based on the the concept of "people-oriented", we construct human well-being index, which reflects the livelihood and happiness of people, and integrate it into the evaluation system of Eco-efficiency. In order to reflect the ecological efficiency of our country from four aspects of resources, economy, environment and human well-being. Therefore, from the perspective of human well-being, the evaluation index of human well-being will be integrated into the measurement and evaluation of ecological efficiency in China, which can fully understand the changes of ecological efficiency and the statue of comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable development of resources, economy, environment and human in China. We measure the ecological efficiency from year 2000 to 2015 based on non radial and non angle SBM model in China, analyzing temporal and spatial variation characteristics of ecological efficiency in China, and studying its driving factors. The main results are summarized as follows: In 2000-2015, the ecological efficiency of China has been rising slowly and fluctuating, but the overall level is still at a moderate leve. There is a lot of space for improving ecological efficiency. The high value areas of ecological efficiency are mainly concentrated in the East and the West. The ecological efficiency is relatively low in the middle of the region, so the ecological efficiency of the central region needs to be further promoted. In addition to Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Shandong, and Hainan, the rest of the region needs to adjust the mix ratio to improve ecological efficiency. Human well-being has become the first factor in restricting ecological efficiency in some areas. Therefore, human well-being can not be ignored for the promotion of ecological efficiency. The total factor productivity, the change index of technological progress and the pure technical efficiency index of ecological efficiency all show characteristics of fluctuations in the slowly rising, and the scale efficiency change index show a downward trend. The total factor productivity of Sichuan increases entirely due to scale efficiency, and technological progress has a positive impact on other areas excepting Sichuan.

Key words: human well-being, ecological efficiency, SBM model, total factor productivity and its decomposition index

中图分类号:

F205

王耕, 李素娟, 马奇飞. 人类福祉视角下中国生态效率时空演化研究[J]. 地理科学, 2018, 38(10): 1597-1605.

Geng Wang, Sujuan Li, Qifei Ma. Spatial-temporal Evolution of Chinese Eco-efficiency from the Perspective of Human Well-being[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2018, 38(10): 1597-1605.

图/表 6

表1

表2

图1

表3

生态效率投入和产出的优化结果"

省份	投入冗余率（%）					期望产出不足率（%）		非期望产出冗余率（%）
省份	劳动力	资本存量	能源消耗	水资源消耗	土地消耗	GDP	人类福祉指数	环境污染指数
北京	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
天津	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
河北	-18.15	-17.11	-35.74	-2.51	-33.53	0.00	13.65	-1.22
山西	-11.83	-9.02	-19.78	-4.29	-14.82	0.00	0.00	-0.78
内蒙古	-10.15	-23.52	-44.75	-36.94	-54.69	0.00	0.00	-5.47
辽宁	-3.71	-3.92	-10.86	-2.41	-13.60	0.00	2.70	0.00
吉林	-36.04	-19.56	-23.60	-29.72	-60.11	0.00	31.63	-9.25
黑龙江	-23.95	-16.38	-35.27	-58.00	-59.18	0.00	67.22	-1.73
上海	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
江苏	-2.89	-6.06	-1.47	-8.30	-9.51	0.00	12.53	0.00
浙江	-1.30	-1.64	-1.83	-13.26	-6.95	0.00	0.65	-1.30
安徽	-52.85	-6.70	-11.90	-38.72	-57.80	0.00	21.24	-9.62
福建	-17.56	-12.50	0.00	-19.37	-0.89	0.00	40.89	-8.18
江西	-55.35	-24.34	-22.96	-58.81	-56.76	0.00	3.22	-15.88
山东	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
河南	-52.29	-28.89	-36.73	-7.75	-59.97	0.00	18.69	-2.08
湖北	-35.91	-17.83	-21.73	-33.21	-42.28	0.00	88.30	0.00
湖南	-49.60	-16.08	-30.98	-52.29	-52.10	0.00	14.05	-12.22
广东	-0.62	-0.26	-1.43	-1.68	-3.33	0.00	7.92	0.00
广西	-17.64	-10.57	-3.23	-21.21	-18.27	0.00	0.00	-2.75
海南	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
重庆	-18.88	-1.04	-4.16	-0.45	-15.44	0.00	0.00	-5.22
四川	-7.14	-0.03	-3.29	-1.52	-8.70	0.00	2.04	-2.14
贵州	-9.48	-4.43	-5.84	-8.68	-5.56	0.00	0.14	-2.14
云南	-60.33	-28.40	-31.46	-43.98	-45.39	0.00	0.00	-4.72
陕西	-54.34	-22.16	-30.44	-12.47	-59.01	0.00	0.00	-9.83
甘肃	-50.11	-8.08	-28.12	-38.81	-48.72	0.00	2.43	-3.76
青海	-14.95	-9.31	0.00	-10.11	-9.68	0.00	4.78	0.00
宁夏	-41.60	-1.21	-9.28	-31.27	-25.19	20.96	0.00	-3.97
新疆	-26.57	-30.83	-46.77	-72.70	-62.61	0.00	0.00	-10.33
全国	-22.44	-10.66	-15.39	-20.28	-27.47	0.70	11.07	-3.75
东部	-5.16	-4.34	-4.55	-5.73	-7.17	0.00	6.53	-1.12
中部	-36.44	-18.04	-27.52	-35.53	-50.86	0.00	27.15	-6.34
西部	-31.49	-11.72	-17.71	-24.44	-31.14	2.33	1.04	-4.68

表3

图2

图3

参考文献 28

[1]	姚治国,陈田.国外旅游生态效率研究综述[J].自然资源学报,2015,30(7):1222-1231.
	[Yao Zhiguo,Chen Tian.Review of research on eco efficiency of tourism abroad.Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(7):1222-1231.]
[2]	杨斌. 2000~2006年中国区域生态效率研究——基于DEA方法的实证分析[J].经济地理,2009,29(7):1197-1202.
	[Yang Bin.Research on regional eco-efficiency of China from 2000 to 2006:On empirical analysis based on DEA. Economic Geography, 2009, 29(7) : 1197-1202.]
[3]	李慧娟,龙如银,兰新萍.资源型城市的生态效率评价[J].资源科学,2010,32(7):1296-1300.
	[Li Huijuan,Long Ruyin,Lan Xinping.Ecological efficiency evaluation of resource based cities.Resources Science,2010,32(7):1296-1300.]
[4]	Zhang Yan, Yang Zhifeng.Eco-efficiency of urban materialmetabolism:A case study of Shenzhen[J].Acta Ecological Sinica,2007, 27(8):3124-3131. doi: 10.1016/S1872-2032(07)60067-5
[5]	程晓娟,韩庆兰,全春光.基于PCA-DEA组合模型的中国煤炭产业生态效率研究[J].资源科学,2013,35(6):1292-1299.
	[Cheng Xiaojuan,Han Qinglan,Quan Chunguang.Study on Chinese ecological efficiency of coal industry based on combined model PCA-DEA. Resources Science,2013,35(6):1292-1299.]
[6]	Dominique Maxime,Michele Marcotte.Yves Arcand.Developmentof eco-efficiency indicators for the Canadian food andbeverage industry[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2006,14(6-7):636-648. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.07.015
[7]	Wu X Q,Xu Y C,Lu G F.The evaluation of agricultural ecoefficiency:A case of rice pot-experiment.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(5):2481-2488.
[8]	张子龙,鹿晨昱,陈兴鹏,等.陇东黄土高原农业生态效率的时空演变分析——以庆阳市为例[J].地理科学, 2014, 34(4):472-478.
	[Zhang Zilong,Lu Chenyi,Chen Xingpeng et al. Temporal and spatial evolution of agricultural eco efficiency in the Loess Plateau of Eastern Gansu Province—A case study of Qingyang.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(4):472-478.]
[9]	关伟,许淑婷.中国能源生态效率的空间格局与空间效应[J].地理学报,2015,70(6):980-992.
	[Guan Wei,Xu Shuting.The spatial pattern and spatial effect of Chinese energy ecological efficiency.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(6):980-992.]
[10]	姚治国,陈田,尹寿兵,等.区域旅游生态效率实证分析——以海南省为例[J].地理科学,2016,36(3): 417-423. doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.03.013
	[Yao Zhiguo, Chen Tian, Yin Shoubing et al. Regional tourism eco-efficiency model and an empirical research of Hainan Province. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(3):417-423.] doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.03.013
[11]	黄和平. 基于生态效率的江西省循环经济发展模式[J].生态学报,2015,35(9):2894-2901. doi: 10.5846/stxb201306171725
	[Huang Heping.Eco-efficiency on the circular economy development pattern in Jiangxi Province. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(9): 2894-2901.] doi: 10.5846/stxb201306171725
[12]	任宇飞,方创琳.京津冀城市群县域尺度生态效率评价及空间格局分析[J].地理科学进展,2017,36(1):88-98.
	[Ren Yufei,Fang Chuanglin.Analysis and evaluation of county scale eco efficiency and spatial pattern of Beijing and Tianjin city group.Progress in Geography,2017,36(1):88-98.]
[13]	尹科,王如松,周传斌,等.国内外生态效率核算方法及其应用研究评述[J].生态学报,2012,32(11):3595-3605. doi: 10.5846/stxb201104280564
	[Yin Ke,Wang Rusong,Zhou Chuanbin et al. Review of eco-efficiency accounting method and its applications. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(11) : 3595-3605.] doi: 10.5846/stxb201104280564
[14]	吕彬,杨建新.生态效率方法研究进展与应用[J].生态学报,2006,26(11):3898-3906. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2006.11.050
	[Lv Bin,Yang Jianxin.Research progress and application of eco efficiency method. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(11):3898-3906.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2006.11.050
[15]	Tone K.Dealing with undesirable outputs in DEA:A slacks-based measure (SBM) approach[R].GRIPS Research Report Series,2003-2005.
[16]	狄乾斌,孟雪.基于非期望产出的城市发展效率时空差异探讨——以中国东部沿海地区城市为例[J].地理科学,2017,37(6):807-816.
	[Di Qianbin, Meng Xue.Spatial and temporal disparities of urban development efficiency of coastal cities in China based on undesirable outputs.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(6):807-816.]
[17]	赵林,张宇硕,吴迪,等. 考虑非期望产出的中国省际海洋经济效率测度及时空特征[J].地理科学,2016, 36(5):671-680. doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.05.004
	[Zhao Lin, Zhang Yushuo, Wu Di et al. Marine economic efficiency and spatio-temporal characteristics of inter-province based on undesirable outputs in China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2016,36(5):671-680.] doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.05.004
[18]	马占新. 数据包络分析模型与方法[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.
	[Ma Zhanxin.Data envelopment analysis model and method. Beijing:Science Press,2010.]
[19]	韩增林,孙嘉泽,刘天宝,等. 东北三省创新全要素生产率增长的时空特征及其发展趋势预测[J]. 地理科学, 2017,37(2):161-171.
	[Han Zenglin, Sun Jiaze, Liu Tianbao et al. The spatiotemporal characteristics and development trend forecast of innovative TFP growth in China’s Three Northeastern Provinces. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2017, 37(2):161-171.]
[20]	韩瑞玲,张秋娈,朱绍华,等. 基于DEA-Malmquist模型的唐山市工业经济与能源全要素生产率分析[J]. 地理科学, 2016,36(12):1793-1801.
	[Han Ruiling, Zhang Qiuluan, Zhu Shaohua et al. Industrial economy and energy TFP of Tangshan City based on DEA and malmquist model.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016, 36(12):1793-1801.]
[21]	中国国家统计局.中国环境统计年鉴(2004~2016)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2004-2016.
	[National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. China statistics yearbook on enviroment. Beijing:China Statistics Publishing House, 2004-2016.]
[22]	中国国家统计局能源统计司.中国能源统计年鉴(2004~2016)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2004-2016
	[Energy Statistics Division National Bureau of Statistics of China. China energy statistics yearbook. Beijing:China Statistics Publishing House, 2004-2016.]
[23]	中国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴(2004~2016)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2004-2016.
	[National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China. Statistics yearbook of China. Beijing:China Statistics Publishing House, 2004-2016.]
[24]	中华人民共和国水利部.中国水资源公报(2003~2015)[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2003-2015.
	[Water Resources Department of the People’s Republic of China. China water resources bulletin. Beijing: China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press, 2003-2015.]
[25]	中华人民共和国国土资源部.中国国土资源统计年鉴(2004~2016)[M].北京:地质出版社,2004-2016.
	[People’s Republic of China Ministry of Land and Resources. China land and resources statistics yearbook. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 2004-2016.]
[26]	单豪杰.中国资本存量K的再估算:1952~2006年[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2008(10):17-31.
	[Shan Haojie.Reestimating the capital stock of China:1952 to 2006 .The Journal of Quantitative & Technical Economics, 2008(10):17-31.]
[27]	黄甘霖,姜亚琼,刘志锋,等.人类福祉研究进展——基于可持续科学视角[J].生态学报,2016,36(23):7519-7527. doi: 10.5846/stxb201511172326
	[Huang Ganlin,Jiang Yaqiong,Liu Zhifeng et al. Advances in human well-being research: A sustainability science perspective. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016,36(23) :7519-7527.] doi: 10.5846/stxb201511172326
[28]	王富喜,毛爱华,李赫龙,等. 基于熵值法的山东省城镇化质量测度及空间差异分析[J].地理科学,2013, 33(11):1323-1329.
	[Wang Fuxi, Mao Aihua, Li Helong et al. Quality measurement and spatial difference analysis of urbanization in Shandong Province based on entropy method.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2013,33(11):1323-1329.]

指标	类别	具体指标构成	说明
投入指标	资源消耗	能源消耗	煤、石油、天然气、电能等则折合成万吨标准煤量
		水资源消耗	农业、工业、生活、生态用水总量
		土地消耗	建设用地面积
		人力消耗	第一、二、三产业劳动力就业总数
		财力消耗	资本存量
产出指标	期望产出	经济发展总量	地区GDP
	期望产出	人类福祉指数	借鉴了黄甘霖等的研究构建人类福祉评价指标体系
	非期望产出	环境污染指数	工业固体废物排放量,SO₂、烟（粉）尘排放量,废水排放总量,COD排放量

目标层	一级指标	二级指标	指标类型
人类福祉评价指数	物质生活质量指数	城镇居民恩格尔系数	成本型
		农村居民恩格尔系数	成本型
		科教事业费占财政支出比例	效益型
		万人医生数	效益型
		医院床位数	效益型
	人类发展指数	预期寿命	效益型
		人均GDP	效益型
		文盲率	成本型
		万人本专科以上学历人数	效益型
	城市发展指数	非农业人口比例	效益型
		建成区面积	效益型
		城镇居民可支配收入	效益型
		65岁以上人口比重	成本型
		人口自然增长率	成本型