二战期间美国地缘战略空间观念变迁——基于地图投影的视角

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2019.05.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在地图投影变换影响下,得益于多样化的地图服务,二战期间美国地缘战略空间观念经历了从孤立主义向干涉主义的转变,推动了美国的参战与具体战略展开。这一空间逻辑在战时地图投影的选择上表现为从圆柱投影下的二维“矩形世界”向等距方位投影下的“圆形世界”和正射投影下的三维“球体世界”“鸟瞰世界”转变,折射出空中时代下的全球一体观。通过不同投影下“地图空间”的调整,二战期间美国地缘战略空间观念逐渐接近现实地球空间,这无疑增强了美国参战的合理性和战略决策的正确性。作为认知话语和实践话语的统一,地图投影通过地图服务反映并参与到了二战的地缘政治发展进程。伴随着美国地缘战略空间观念的变迁,美国也由此从世界舞台的边缘走向国际体系的中心。在当前中国和平崛起和全球地缘调整的大背景下,地图投影创新也为今后的地缘关系研究提供了诸多启示。

关键词: 地图投影, 二战, 地图服务, 地缘战略, 空间观念, 地缘关系, 美国

Abstract:

Under the influence of transform in map projections, befitting from diversified map services, U.S. geostrategic space concept had experienced a transition from isolationism to interventionism during WWII, promoting U.S. to join WWII and spread specific strategy. On the choice of wartime map projections, this space logic showed a transition from two-dimensional ‘rectangular world’ in cylindrical projection to ‘round world’ in azimuthal equidistant projection and three-dimensional ‘sphere world’ as well as ‘aerial view world’, refracting the global integration space concept in the air age. Through adjusting ‘map space’ under different map projections, U.S. geostrategic space concept during WWII had approach real earth space gradually, which enhanced the rationality to join WWII and correctness of strategic decision of U.S. undoubtedly. As an unity of cognitive discourse and practical discourse, map projections had reflected and been involved in the geopolitical development course of WWII. With the transition of U.S. geostrategic space concept, thereby U.S. had gone from the periphery of world stage to the center of international system. Under the strategic background of the peaceful rise of China and geopolitical adjustment of the globe at present, the innovation of map projections provides a lot of enlightenment for the research of geo-relations in future too.

Key words: map projection, the Second World War(WWⅡ), map service, geostrategic, space concept, geo-relations, the United States

中图分类号:

K901.4

何光强. 二战期间美国地缘战略空间观念变迁——基于地图投影的视角[J]. 地理科学, 2019, 39(5): 714-725.

He Guangqiang. The Transition of U.S. Geostrategic Space Concept During WWII: From the Perspective of Map Projection[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2019, 39(5): 714-725.

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次序	时间	主要内容	态度变化
第14次	1939-09-03	欧洲战争	保持中立,但欧战影响美国安全
第15次	1940-05-26	国防	加强国防,应对紧急需求
第16次	1940-12-29	国家安全	由中立、隔绝变为更加积极支持
第17次	1941-05-27	宣布全国进入无限期紧急状态	号召美国人民放弃孤立主义
第18次	1941-09-11	维护海洋的自由	彻底走出孤立主义
第19次	1941-12-09	对日宣战	对日宣战,加入反法西斯阵营

次序	“地图”出处语句	“地图”表达内容
1	所以我才要你们拿出并摊开一张世界地图	战争波及范围广、战线长,原来的海洋屏障已成巨大战场
2	请看你们的地图	同盟国中蕴含大量人力、物力和财力地区面临分割占领危险
3	再来看一下地图	战时运输航线相当长,且许多地方都充满巨大危险
4	请你们再看一下地图	夏威夷以西和整个太平洋地区,日军进展迅速
5	在地图上	夏威夷和菲律宾之间的众多岛屿具有重要战略地位
6	你们的地图表明	当太平洋诸岛都被日军控制,不可能长途向该地派舰队