2015年中国生态系统生态破坏损失核算研究

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2019.06.016

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

利用遥感影像数据,结合第八次全国森林资源清查和第二次全国湿地资源调查以及草地监测报告,对中国2015年森林、草地和湿地三大生态系统因人类不合理利用导致的生态破坏损失进行核算。核算结果显示：① 2015年中国生态破坏损失约为2.38万亿元,占GDP比重的3.3%。其中,森林生态破坏损失约为2 437.5亿元,占全部生态破坏损失的10.2%;草地生态破坏损失约为3 112.1亿元,占比为13.1%;湿地生态破坏损失约为18 269.6亿元,占比76.7%。② 中国生态破坏损失主要分布在西部地区,区域空间差异大,青海、湖南、四川、黑龙江、内蒙古、江苏等省份的生态破坏损失都大于1 000亿元。③ 中国生态破坏损失主要来自气候调节和水流动调节服务损失。2015年中国气候调节服务损失量为17 451.8亿元,占全部生态破坏损失的73.3%;水流动调节服务损失量为4 234.6亿元,占比为17.8%。

关键词: 生态系统, 生态破坏损失核算, 生态调节服务

Abstract:

Adopting remote sensing data, ecosystem regulation service was accounted in 2015. Then using the Eighth National Inventory of Forest Resources, Second National Wetland Resources Survey and Grassland Monitoring Report, the cost of ecological degradation was accounted due to irrational utilizing of ecosystem in forests, grasslands and wetlands to degrade the ecosystem regulation service in 2015. Some results were shown as follows: 1) In 2015, the cost of ecological degradation was about 2.38 trillion yuan, accounting for 3.3% of the GDP. Among them, the cost of forest ecological degradation was 0.24 trillion yuan, accounting for 10.2% of the total ecological damages. The cost of grassland ecological degradation was 0.31 trillion yuan, accounting for13.1% of the total ecological damage. The cost of wetland ecological degradation was 1.83 trillion yuan, accounting for 76.7% of the overall ecological damage. 2) The cost of ecological degradation in China was mainly distributed in the western regions, and its remains large spatial difference. The cost of ecological degradation in Qinghai, Hunan, Sichuan, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia and Jiangsu were all above 100 billion yuan. 3) The cost of ecological degradation mainly came from climate regulation service and water flow regulation service in China, which accounted for 73.3% and 17.8% of the total ecological degradation. 4) There are different degrees of human-induced damage to ecosystem in China. The forest over-exploitation rate is 0.82%, the livestock overload rate of the key natural grasslands is 13.5%, and the wetland area seriously threatened by human activities accounts for 19.6% of the wetland area. China should further strengthen the protection of wetlands to prevent the degradation of wetland ecosystem from threatening human welfare.

Key words: ecosystem, cost of ecological degradation, ecological regulation service

中图分类号:

X171.1

马国霞,周夏飞,彭菲,周颖. 2015年中国生态系统生态破坏损失核算研究[J]. 地理科学, 2019, 39(6): 1008-1015.

Guoxia Ma,Xiafei Zhou,Fei Peng,Ying Zhou. Cost of Ecological Degradation Accounting in China in 2015[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2019, 39(6): 1008-1015.

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一级指标	二级指标	Costanza^[9]	MA^[10]	EEA^[11]	欧阳志云^[12]	森林规范^[15]	本文
水源涵养	调节水量	√	√	√	√	√	√
土壤保持	减少泥沙淤积	√	√	√	√	√	√
	氮	√	√	√	√	√	√
	磷	√	√	√	√	√	√
	钾	√	√	√	√	√	√
	有机质	√	√	√	×	√	√
防风固沙		√	×	√	√	√	√
洪水调蓄	湖泊调蓄	√	√	√	√	√	√
	水库调蓄	√	√	√	√	√	√
	沼泽调蓄	√	√	√	√	√	√
空气净化	净化二氧化硫	×	√	√	√	√	√
	净化氮氧化物	×	√	√	√	√	√
	净化工业粉尘	×	√	√	√	√	√
	净化氨	×	√	×	×	×	√
	净化PM2.5	×	√	×	×	×	√
	净化臭氧	×	√	×	×	×	×
水质净化	净化COD	×	×	√	√	×	√
	净化总氮	√	×	√	√	×	×
	净化总磷	√	×	√	√	×	×
	净化氨氮	×	×	×	×	×	√
	净化硝酸盐	×	√	×	×	×	×
固碳释氧	固碳	√	√	√	√	√	√
固碳释氧	释氧	√	√	√	√	√	√
气候调节	森林降温增湿	×	×	√	√	×	√
	草地降温增湿	×	×	√	√	×	√
	水面降温增湿	×	×	√	√	×	√
病虫害控制	森林病虫害控制	×	√	√	√	×	√
病虫害控制	草原病虫害控制	×	√	√	√	×	×
噪声调节		×	×	√	×	√	×
营养元素循环		√	×	×	×	√	×
生物多样性保护	栖息地保护	×	√	×	×	√	×
	物种多样性	√	×	×	×	√	×
	生物避难所	√	×	×	×	×	×
	授粉	×	√	×	×	×	×
调节疾病		×	√	×	×	×	×
调节自然灾害		×	√	×	×	×	×

数据类型	数据来源	数据用途
气象数据	国家气象局	净初级生产力、水源涵养、土壤保持量计算
遥感数据	中国科学院资源科学数据中心提供的2015年生态系统类型和DEM数据,2015年MOD13A3的NDVI数据和MOD17A3的NPP数据、中科院南京土壤研究所提供的土壤类型数据	生态系统面积、净初级生产力、土壤保持量计算
重点调查数据第八次森林资源清查（2009~2013年）	国家林业局	森林人为破坏率计算
第二次全国湿地资源调查（2009~2013年）	国家林业局	湿地人为破坏率计算
2016年全国草原监测数据	农业部	草地人为破坏率计算
价格统计数据	林业行业标准（LY/T2735-2016）、全国化肥价格网、电力网、中国环境经济核算技术指南、美国EPA碳社会成本报告	各种服务指标价格计算

指标	森林	草地	湿地	合计	占比（%）
气候调节	913.9	1437.0	15101.0	17451.8	73.27
固碳释氧	439.5	599.0	96.4	1135.0	4.77
水流动调节	800.3	735.1	2699.3	4234.6	17.78
土壤保持	277.3	275.4	107.1	659.8	2.77
防风固沙	2.9	61.8	4.4	69.0	0.29
水质净化	–	–	259.1	259.1	1.09
空气净化	2.6	3.9	2.4	8.9	0.04
病虫害防治	0.9	×	×	0.9	0.004