水利工程对长江荆南三口水系结构变化的影响

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2019.06.018

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

利用1954、1975、1990、2008和2016年5期长江荆南三口水系图进行解译,并运用灰色关联度模型定量评价区内外水利工程对水系结构变化的影响。结果表明：① 近60 多年来,荆南三口在水系结构一般特征上,河流数量由264条缩减为132条,河流长度由2 183.6 km缩短为1 560.6 km,河频率与水面率分别由0.084条/km ²、17.45%减小为0.042条/km ²、14.33%;在水系结构发育特征上,河网密度、面积长度比和河网发育系数由1954年的0.687 km/km ²、3.96 km/km ²、6.902,依次减小为2016年的0.475 km/km ²、3.17 km/km ²、4.165;从分形特征上看,三口水系4个河区的分维数都在1.5~2.0之间波动,但均呈下降趋势。这表明随着水利工程的不断建设,荆南三口水系自然发育过程受到严重干扰;② 水系结构特征变化受水库总库容影响最大,内部水利工程次之,外部水利工程影响最小,各项指标的灰色关联度均大于0.5。其中,区外水利工程与河频率、水面率、河网密度、河网发育系数、分形维数的灰色关联度分别为0.571 8、0.592 2、0.585 8、0.577 1、0.634 0;区内水利工程数量与各项指标的灰色关联度分别为0.632 5、0.652 7、0.646 5、0.630 6、0.693 7;水库总库容与各项指标的灰色关联度依次为0.707 0、0.729 4、0.722 6、0.712 7和0.728 4。③ 水利工程对水系结构的影响在不同时段呈现出不同的状态,在不同时期水利工程相继运行的叠加影响下,水系受到水利工程影响逐渐增大,水系结构逐步呈现简化趋势。

关键词: 水利工程, 水系结构, 荆南三口, 长江

Abstract:

To study the effect of hydrological projects on the river network structure in the three outlets of Southern Jingjiang River, this article interpreted maps of river network of the year 1954, 1975, 1990, 2008 and 2016, and quantitatively evaluated the effect of projects on variation in river network with the help of grey correlation model. Results show that: 1) In the last 60 years, in terms of the general features, the number and length of river decreased from 264 to 132 and 2 183.6 to 1 560.6 km respectively; River density and water surface ratio reduced from 0.084 per km ² to 0.042 per km ² and 17.45% to 14.33%. In terms of growing features, drainage density, ratio of area to length, and growth index were decreased from 0.687 km/km ², 3.96 km/km ², and 6.902 in 1954 to 0.475 km/km ², 3.17 km/km ², and 4.165 in 2016; fractal dimension of the four rivers in the three outlets, though ranged between 1.5 and 2.0, all demonstrated a declining trend. These indicate that natural evolution of river network in the three outlets of Southern Jingjiang River has been significantly disturbed by construction of hydrological projects. 2) The first important factor responsible for the change of river network is the total capacity of reservoirs, followed by inside projects and outside projects. Factors’ grey coefficients were all above 0.5. The coefficient of outside projects to river density, water surface ratio, drainage density, ratio of area to length, and growth index was 0.571 8, 0.592 2, 0.5858, 0.577 1, and 0.634 0, respectively, while the value of inside projects and total capacity of reservoirs to these indicators were 0.6325, 0.652 7, 0.6465, 0.6306, and 0.693 7, 0.707 0, 0.729 4, 0.722 6, 0.712 7, and 0.7284. 3) The effects of hydrological projects on river network structure were of different characteristics in different periods. Because of the superimposed effect induced by successive operating projects, the influence of hydrological projects on river network has been enlarged, causing simplified structure of river network. Results of this research will play a significant role in the distribution of hydrological projects, channel improvement, and river-lake connectivity projects in both the upper reaches of Yangtze River and the three outlets of Southern Jingjiang River.

Key words: hydrological projects, river network structure, the three outlets of Southern Jingjiang Rive, the Yangtze River

中图分类号:

P333.4

李景保,何蒙,于丹丹,杨波. 水利工程对长江荆南三口水系结构变化的影响[J]. 地理科学, 2019, 39(6): 1025-1035.

Jingbao Li,Meng He,Dandan Yu,Bo Yang. Effect of Hydrological Projects on River Network Structure in the Three Outlets of Southern Jingjiang River[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2019, 39(6): 1025-1035.

图/表 13

图1

表1

水系结构特征参数体系[2]"

分类	参数	公式	编号	注释
一般特征	数量	N		区域内河流的数量
	长度	L		区域内河流的长度
	河频率	$R f = N / F$	(1)	N为区域内河流的数量 F为区域总面积
	水面率	$W P = (F w / F) × 100 %$	(2)	F_w为河道多年平均水位下河道水体所占有的实际水面积 F为区域总面积
发育特征	河网密度	$R d = L r / F$	(3)	L_r为区域内河流的总长度;F为区域总面积
	面积长度比	$R AL = L / S$	(4)	L为河流长度; S为河流面积
	河网发育系数	$K w = L w / L 0$	(5)	L_w为w级支流长度; L₀为主干河流长度
分形特征	分形维数	$D = L g R b / L g R l$	(6)	R_b为水系分枝比—— 各级水道数目 R_l为水系长度比—— 各级河流的长度

表1

图2

表2

表3

图3

表4

表5

表6

表7

表8

表9

表1

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类别	指标	计算方法
水利工程建设水平	区外水利工程数量（X_n）	--
	区内水利工程数量（Y_m）	--
	水库总库容（V_n）	--
水系结构特征	河频率（R_f）	河流数量与区域总面积的比值
	水面率（W_p）	河网水体面积与区域面积的比值
	河网密度（R_d）	河流长度与区域总面积的比值
	河网发育系数（K）	各级支流长度与主干河流长度的比值
	分形维数（D）	分枝比率与长度比率之差的常用对数

流域	1954年	1975年	1990年	2008年	2016年	总变化率（%）
松滋河	680.8	616.9	580.8	556.1	519.2	18
虎渡河	481.3	445.7	410.5	385.4	366.6	16
藕池河	670.7	593.8	523.6	505.7	463.5	22
华容河	350.8	294.75	251.36	225.5	221.26	25
合计/平均	2183.6	1951.2	1766.3	1672.7	1560.6	20.3

河流/年份	1954年		1975年		1990年		2008年		2016年
河流/年份	R_f	W_p	R_f	W_p	R_f	W_p	R_f	W_p	R_f	W_p
松滋河	0.098	18.19	0.085	17.06	0.070	16.22	0.060	15.46	0.059	15.43
虎渡河	0.070	15.54	0.055	14.98	0.052	13.43	0.045	12.98	0.039	12.67
藕池河	0.076	20.38	0.060	19.67	0.051	18.54	0.038	17.57	0.034	17.35
华容河	0.088	13.66	0.056	10.97	0.047	9.54	0.036	9.51	0.029	9.45
荆南三口	0.084	17.45	0.065	16.30	0.056	15.11	0.046	14.49	0.042	14.33

河流	1954年		1975年		1990年		2008年		2016年
河流	R_d	R_AL	R_d	R_AL	R_d	R_AL	R_d	R_AL	R_d	R_AL
松滋河	0.72	3.96	0.65	3.83	0.61	3.79	0.58	3.81	0.54	3.56
虎渡河	0.67	4.36	0.62	4.19	0.57	4.31	0.54	4.18	0.51	4.08
藕池河	0.70	3.47	0.62	3.18	0.55	2.98	0.53	3.04	0.48	2.82
华容河	0.62	4.60	0.52	4.82	0.45	4.72	0.4	4.25	0.37	4.20
荆南三口	0.678	3.96	0.603	3.79	0.545	3.69	0.513	3.65	0.475	3.17

年份	河网发育系数					水系分形维数
年份	松滋河	虎渡河	藕池河	华容河	荆南三口	松滋河	虎渡河	藕池河	华容河
1954	7.98	5.87	8.86	4.90	6.902	1.719	1.642	1.938	1.646
1975	6.48	4.64	7.23	4.13	5.620	1.606	1.629	1.907	1.587
1990	4.50	4.32	6.74	3.78	4.835	1.582	1.583	1.854	1.547
2008	3.95	4.05	6.45	3.54	4.497	1.561	1.563	1.757	1.453
2016	3.50	3.75	5.98	3.43	4.165	1.523	1.417	1.635	1.421
平均	5.282	4.526	7.052	3.956	5.203	1.598	1.567	1.818	1.531