基于MCR模型的南方稀土矿区生态安全格局分析

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2020.06.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

南方稀土矿区是世界上主要的离子型稀土矿生产基地，对当地乃至中国都带来了不可估量的经济价值，但是在追求稀土开采的经济效益的同时，由于采矿工艺的不足，产生了一系列环境问题，威胁矿区的生态安全。以赣州岭北稀土矿区为例，基于景观生态安全格局理论及最小累积阻力模型（Minimum Cumulative Resistance Model，MCR）方法，对矿区的生态源地、生态廊道、生态节点等进行判别与分析，构建了矿区2009、2013和2018年3个年份的景观生态安全格局。结果表明：① 稀土矿区的生态源地的斑块面积较小，主要集中于矿区的东西两侧。② 在选取年份期间，稀土矿区的生态源地面积、生态廊道、辐射通道及生态节点数量都在不断增加，表明在这9 a间，稀土矿区景观生态安全状况得到了一定的改善，但相关部门仍需对稀土矿区的生态安全格局进行进一步的规划和优化。

关键词: 稀土矿区, MCR模型, 生态源地, 生态廊道, 生态安全格局

Abstract:

Southern Rare Earth Mine is the world's main production base for ionic rare earth mines, Which has brought immeasurable economic value to local and even China. However, while pursuing the economic benefits of rare earth mining, due to the lack of mining technology, a series of environmental problems have arisen, which seriously threatened the ecological safety of the mining area. In this study, taking rare earth mining area of Lingbei in south of Jiangxi Province as an example. Based on the landscape ecological security pattern theory and the method of minimum cumulative resistance model (Minimum Cumulative Resistance Model, MCR), and Identify and analyze the ecological source areas, ecological corridors, and ecological nodes of the mining area, to constructed the landscape ecological security pattern of the mining area in 2009, 2013 and 2018. The results show: 1) In the years of 2009 and 2013, the plaque area of the ecological source of the rare earth mining area was small, mainly concentrated on the east and west sides of the mining area; In 2018, the area of the ecological source gradually increased, and the location of the ecological source moved toward the direction of high resistance slowly. 2) During year has been selected, the area of the ecological source area and the number of the ecological corridors, radiation channels and ecological nodes are constantly increasing in the rare earth mining area. It shows that during these 9 years, the landscape ecological security situation of rare earth mining area has been improved to a certain extent, the ecological pattern began to rationalize. However, relevant departments still need to further plan and optimize the ecological security pattern of rare earth mining areas.

Key words: rare earth mining area, MCR model, ecological source, ecological corridor, ecological security pattern

中图分类号:

TU984

李恒凯, 刘玉婷, 李芹, 王秀丽. 基于MCR模型的南方稀土矿区生态安全格局分析[J]. 地理科学, 2020, 40(6): 989-998.

Li Hengkai, Liu Yuting, Li Qin, Wang Xiuli. Analysis of Ecological Security Pattern of Southern Rare Earth Mining Area Based on MCR Model[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2020, 40(6): 989-998.

图/表 9

图 1

表 1

表 2

表 3

图 2

图 3

图 4

图 5

表 4

参考文献 34

[1]	张学玲, 余文波, 蔡海生区域生态环境脆弱性评价方法研究综述[J]. 生态学报, 2018. 38 (16): 5970- 5981.
	Zhang Xueling, Yu Wenbo, Cai Haisheng Summary of research on regional ecological environment vulnerability assessment methods[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2018. 38 (16): 5970- 5981.
[2]	刘剑锋, 张可慧, 马文才基于高分一号卫星遥感影像的矿区生态安全评价研究——以井陉矿区为例[J]. 地理与地理信息科学, 2015. 31 (5): 121- 126. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-0504.2015.05.024
	Liu Jianfeng, Zhang Kehui, Ma Wencai Study on ecological security evaluation of mining area based on high-resolution satellite remote sensing image: Taking Jingjing mining area as an example[J]. Geography and Geography Information, 2015. 31 (5): 121- 126. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-0504.2015.05.024
[3]	李恒凯, 雷军, 杨柳基于Landsat影像的离子稀土矿区植被覆盖度提取及景观格局分析[J]. 农业工程学报, 2016. 32 (10): 267- 276. doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.037
	Li Hengkai, Lei Jun, Yang Liu Vegetation coverage extraction and landscape pattern analysis of ionic rare earth ore based on Landsat imagery[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2016. 32 (10): 267- 276. doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2016.10.037
[4]	王春梅, 刘玉柱, 赵龙胜, 等我国稀土材料与绿色制备技术现状与发展趋势[J]. 中国材料进展, 2018. 37 (11): 1- 5.
	Wang Chunmei, Liu Yuzhu, Zhao Longsheng et al Present situation and development trend of rare earth materials and green preparation technology in China[J]. Progress in Chinese Materials, 2018. 37 (11): 1- 5.
[5]	李恒凯, 雷军, 吴娇基于多源时序NDVI的稀土矿区土地毁损与恢复过程分析[J]. 农业工程学报, 2018. 34 (1): 232- 240. doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.01.32
	Li Hengkai, Lei Jun, Wu Jiao Analysis of land damage and recovery process in rare earth mining area based on multi-source time series NDVI[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2018. 34 (1): 232- 240. doi: 10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2018.01.32
[6]	李恒凯, 吴立新, 刘小生稀土矿区地表环境变化多时相遥感监测研究——以岭北稀土矿区为例[J]. 中国矿业大学学报, 2014. 43 (6): 1087- 1094.
	Li Hengkai, Wu Lixin, Liu Xiaosheng Multi-temporal remote sensing monitoring of surface environment changes in rare earth mining areas: Taking Lingbei rare earth mining area as an example[J]. Journal of China University of Mining & Technology, 2014. 43 (6): 1087- 1094.
[7]	Horvath B, Gruiz K Impact of metalliferous ore mining activity on the environment in Gyongyosoroszi, Hungary[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 1996. 184 (3): 215- 227. doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(96)05104-2
[8]	Schroeter L, Gläβer C Analyses and monitoring of lignite mining lakes in Eastern Germany with spectral signatures of Landsat TM satellite data[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2011. 86 (1): 27- 39. doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2011.01.005
[9]	Monjezi M, Shahriar K, Dehghani H et al Environmental impact assessment of open pit mining in Iran[J]. Environmental Geology, 2009. 58 (1): 205- 216. doi: 10.1007/s00254-008-1509-4
[10]	刘喜韬, 鲍艳, 胡振琪, 等闭矿后矿区土地复垦生态安全评价研究[J]. 农业工程学报, 2007. 23 (8): 102- 106. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1002-6819.2007.08.017
	Liu Xitao, Bao Yan, Hu Zhenqi et al Ecological safety evaluation of land reclamation in mining area after closure[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2007. 23 (8): 102- 106. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1002-6819.2007.08.017
[11]	范小杉, 韩永伟宁东矿区生态安全评估[J]. 中国水土保持, 2011. (11): 56- 59. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0941.2011.11.022
	Fan Xiaoshan, Han Yongwei Ecological safety assessment of Ningdong Mining Area[J]. China Soil and Water Conservation, 2011. (11): 56- 59. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0941.2011.11.022
[12]	杨建军, 张园园, 周耀治, 等新疆准东露天煤矿生态安全评价研究[J]. 中国矿业, 2015. 24 (10): 76- 82. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-4051.2015.10.016
	Yang Jianjun, Zhang Yuanyuan, Zhou Yaozhi et al Research on ecological security evaluation of Xinjiang Zhundong Open-pit Coal Mine[J]. China Mining Industry, 2015. 24 (10): 76- 82. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-4051.2015.10.016
[13]	潘竟虎, 刘晓基于空间主成分和最小累积阻力模型的内陆河景观生态安全评价与格局优化——以张掖市甘州区为例[J]. 应用生态学报, 2015. 26 (10): 3126- 3136.
	Pan Jinghu, Liu Xiao Ecological safety assessment and pattern optimization of inland river landscape based on spatial principal component and minimum cumulative resistance model: Taking Ganzhou District of Zhangye City as an example[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2015. 26 (10): 3126- 3136.
[14]	张继平, 乔青, 刘春兰, 等基于最小累积阻力模型的北京市生态用地规划研究[J]. 生态学报, 2017. 37 (19): 6313- 6321.
	Zhang Jiping, Qiao Qing, Liu Chunlan et al Study on the planning of ecological land use in Beijing based on the model of minimum cumulative drag[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017. 37 (19): 6313- 6321.
[15]	蒙吉军, 王雅, 王晓东, 等基于最小累积阻力模型的贵阳市景观生态安全格局构建[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 2016. 25 (7): 1052- 1061. doi: 10.11870/cjlyzyyhj201607006
	Meng Jijun, Wang Ya, Wang Xiaodong et al Construction of landscape ecological security pattern in Guiyang City based on minimum cumulative resistance model[J]. Resources and Environmentin the Yangtze Basin, 2016. 25 (7): 1052- 1061. doi: 10.11870/cjlyzyyhj201607006
[16]	谭豪波, 赵岩, 孙峥, 等废弃场地修复的微尺度生态安全评估优化体系[J]. 中国环境科学, 2016. 36 (7): 2169- 2177. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2016.07.039
	Tan Haobo, Zhao Yan, Sun Zheng et al Micro-scale ecological safety assessment and optimization system for abandoned site restoration[J]. China Environmental Science, 2016. 36 (7): 2169- 2177. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2016.07.039
[17]	李恒凯, 杨柳, 雷军 Landsat-8热红外数据反演稀土矿区地表温度的方法比较[J]. 中国稀土学报, 2017. 35 (5): 657- 666.
	Li Hengkai, Yang Liu, Lei Jun Comparison of Landsat-8 thermal infrared data for retrieving surface temperature of rare earth mines[J]. Journal of the Chinese Rare Earth Society, 2017. 35 (5): 657- 666.
[18]	王少军, 宋启帆空间信息支持下的江西定南稀土矿区泥石流危险性评价[J]. 遥感信息, 2012. (1): 59- 63.
	Wang Shaojun, Song Qifan Risk assessment of debris flow in Jiangxi Dingnan rare earth mining area supported by spatial information[J]. Remote Sensing Information, 2012. (1): 59- 63.
[19]	Greenberg J A, Rueda C, Hestir E L et al Least cost distance analysis for spatial interpolation[J]. Computers & Geosciences, 2011. 37, 272- 276.
[20]	杜悦悦, 胡熠娜, 杨肠, 等基于生态重要性和敏感性的西南山地生态安全格局构建:以云南省大理白族自治州为例[J]. 生态学报, 2017. 37 (24): 8241- 8253.
	Du Yueyue, Hu Yina, Yang Yang et al Building ecological security patterns in southwestern mountainous areas based on ecological importance and ecological sensitivity: A case study of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunan Province[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017. 37 (24): 8241- 8253.
[21]	李青圃, 张正栋, 万露文,等. 基于景观生态风险评价的宁江流域景观格局优化[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(7):1420-1437.
	Li Qingpu, Zhang Zhengdong, Wan Luwen et al. Landscape pattern optimization of the Ningjiang River Basin based on landscape ecological risk assessment. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(7):1420-1437.
[22]	吴健生,张理卿,彭建,等.深圳市景观生态安全格局源地综合识别[J].生态学报,2013,33(13):4125-4133.
	Wu Jiansheng, Zhang Liqing, Peng Jian et al. Comprehensive identification of landscape ecological security patterns in Shenzhen. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(13):4125-4133.
[23]	魏聪礼, 张建军, 程明芳, 等基于最小阻力模型的武安市景观安全格局研究[J]. 资源开发与市场, 2017. 33 (12): 1417- 1421+1408. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-8141.2017.12.002
	Wei Congli, Zhang Jianjun, Cheng Mingfang et al Study on landscape safety pattern of Wu'an City based on Minimum Resistance Model[J]. Resource Development & Market, 2017. 33 (12): 1417- 1421+1408. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-8141.2017.12.002
[24]	黄苍平, 尹小玲, 黄光庆, 等厦门市同安区生态安全格局构建[J]. 热带地理, 2018. 38 (6): 874- 883.
	Huang Cangping, Yin Xiaoling, Huang Guangqing et al The construction of ecological security pattern in Tong'an District of Xiamen City[J]. Tropical Geography, 2018. 38 (6): 874- 883.
[25]	王秀丽, 杨柳, 李恒凯基于PSR-AHP模型的稀土矿区生态安全评价[J]. 中国稀土学报, 2018. 36 (4): 504- 512.
	Wang Xiuli, Yang Liu, Li Hengkai Ecological safety evaluation of rare earth mining area based on PSR-AHP Model[J]. Journal of the Chinese Rare Earth Society, 2018. 36 (4): 504- 512.
[26]	潘竟虎, 苏有才, 黄永生, 等近30年玉门市土地利用与景观格局变化及其驱动力[J]. 地理研究, 2012. 31 (9): 1631- 1639.
	Pan Jinghu, Su Youcai, Huang Yongsheng et al Land use and landscape pattern change and its driving force in Yumen City in the past 30 years[J]. Geographical Research, 2012. 31 (9): 1631- 1639.
[27]	黄志霖, 傅伯杰, 陈利顶黄土丘陵区不同坡度、土地利用类型与降水变化的水土流失分异[J]. 中国水土保持科学, 2005. (4): 11- 18+26. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-3007.2005.04.003
	Huang Zhilin, Fu Bojie, Chen Liding Differentiation of soil and water loss in different slopes, land use types and precipitation changes in Loess Hilly Region[J]. China Soil and Water Conservation Science, 2005. (4): 11- 18+26. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-3007.2005.04.003
[28]	李颖丽. 基于MCR模型的县域生态用地识别及安全格局构建[D]. 重庆: 西南大学, 2017.
	Li Yingli. County ecological land use identification and safety pattern construction based on MCR model. Chongqing: Southwest University, 2017.
[29]	蒙吉军,王晓东,周朕.干旱区景观格局综合优化:黑河中游案例[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2017,53(3):451-461.
	Meng Jijun, Wang Xiaodong, Zhou Zhen. Comprehensive optimization of landscape pattern in arid regions: a case of the middle reaches of Heihe River. Journal of Peking University (Natural Science Edition),2017,53(3):451-461.
[30]	赵筱青, 谭琨, 易琦, 等典型高原湖泊流域生态安全格局构建——以杞麓湖流域为例[J]. 中国环境科学, 2019. 39 (2): 768- 777. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2019.02.040
	Zhao Yuqing, Tan Wei, Yi Qi et al Construction of ecological security pattern in typical plateau lake basin: Taking the Penghu Basin as an example[J]. China Environmental Science, 2019. 39 (2): 768- 777. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2019.02.040
[31]	李晖, 易娜, 姚文璟, 等基于景观安全格局的香格里拉县生态用地规划[J]. 生态学报, 2011. 31 (20): 5928- 5936.
	Li Hui, Yi Na, Yao Wenbiao et al Ecological land use planning in Shangri-La County based on landscape safety pattern[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2011. 31 (20): 5928- 5936.
[32]	刘吉平,吕宪国,杨青,等.三江平原东北部湿地生态安全格局设计[J].生态学报,2009,29(3):1083-1090.
	Liu Jiping, Lü Xianguo, Yang Qing et al. Wetland Ecological Security Pattern Design in the Northeast of Sanjiang Plain.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(3):1083-1090.
[33]	俞孔坚景观生态战略点识别方法与理论地理学的表面模型[J]. 地理学报, 1998. 65 (S1): 11- 18.
	Yu Kongjian Surface ecology strategic point identification method and surface model of theoretical geography[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1998. 65 (S1): 11- 18.
[34]	吴未, 路平山土地生态系统位置型关键地段识别——以黄河三角洲惠民县为例[J]. 河北农业科学, 2011. 15 (4): 68- 72. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1088-1631.2011.04.021
	Wu Wei, Lu Pingshan Identification of key locations of land ecosystem: A case study of Huimin County in the Yellow River Delta[J]. Hebei Agricultural Sciences, 2011. 15 (4): 68- 72. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1088-1631.2011.04.021

阻力因子	阻力系数
植被	1
复垦植被	2
水体	2
果园	3
农田	4
道路	6
建筑	8
沉淀池	9
尾砂地	10

阻力因子	阻力系数
0°~5°平坡	1
5°~15°缓坡	3
15°~25°斜坡	5
25°~35°陡坡	7
>35°极陡坡	10

阻力因子（m）	阻力系数
<300	1
300~400	3
400~600	5
600~800	8

年份	生态源地总面积	面积变化
2009	34.833	?
2013	37.286	增加2.452
2018	36.465	减少0.820