清末“回民起义”时期黄土高原中部土壤侵蚀和人地关系演变

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2022.02.012

地理科学 ›› 2022, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (2): 303-313.doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2022.02.012

清末“回民起义”时期黄土高原中部土壤侵蚀和人地关系演变

王夏青¹^,²(), 张秀云¹, 周强³, 许建伟¹, 张鹏钾⁴, 彭保发¹^,²

1.湖南文理学院地理科学与旅游学院，湖南常德 415000
2.洞庭湖生态经济区建设与发展湖南省协同创新中心，湖南常德 415000
3.青海师范大学地理科学学院，青海西宁810016
4.河南大学环境与规划学院，河南开封475004

收稿日期:2020-12-10 修回日期:2021-02-20 出版日期:2022-02-25 发布日期:2022-04-22
作者简介:王夏青(1986-)，男，山西昔阳人，博士，副教授，主要从事流域生态与人地关系研究。E-mail: wangxq@huas.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41807390);国家自然科学基金项目(42167062);黄土与第四纪地质国家重点实验室开放基金课题(SKLLQG2007);湖南省教育厅科研项目(19C1669);应用经济学应用特色学科项目(2018]469)

Variation in Soil Erosion and Environment-human Interaction at the Center of Loess Plateau During “The Riots of Hui” at the Late Qing Dynasty

Wang Xiaqing¹^,²(), Zhang Xiuyun¹, Zhou Qiang³, Xu Jianwei¹, Zhang Pengjia⁴, Peng Baofa¹^,²

1. College of Geography and Tourism, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, Hunan, China
2. Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for the Construction & Development of Dongting Lake Ecological Economic Zone, Changde 415000, Hunan, China
3. School of Geographic Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810016, Qinghai, China
4. College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, Henan, China

Received:2020-12-10 Revised:2021-02-20 Online:2022-02-25 Published:2022-04-22
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41807390);National Natural Science Foundation of China(42167062);Open Fund of State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology(SKLLQG2007);Education Department of Hunan Province(19C1669);Applied Economics Subject(2018]469)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以黄土高原近现代规模最大的“回民起义”战争为切入点，结合不同地貌区合水和靖边聚湫重建的同时期侵蚀量、文献记录的人口数量和生态-社会状况，明确该事件驱动下的人地关系演变。黄土高原中南部高塬沟壑区的合水流域土壤侵蚀强度受战争影响有所减缓，归因于人口数量锐减后当地生态的快速自然恢复；战后人口增加未显著改变当地的生态平衡，展现出较高的生态承载力和弹性。中北部丘陵沟壑区的靖边聚湫在战争持续影响下土壤侵蚀显著增强，生态植被恢复缓慢且直至“禁垦期”达到与气候间的平衡态；人口激增后侵蚀强度和生态恶化再次加剧，具有较低的生态弹性。建议高塬沟壑区内近600 mm降水量区域的当代生态保护和可持续发展要以开发与保护并举，而丘陵沟壑区内近400 mm降水量的区域应以保护为主、坝库系统内的土地利用为辅，并重视“空心村”大量废弃土地的水土管理和科学利用。

关键词: 土壤侵蚀, “回民起义”, 人地关系, 高塬沟壑区, 丘陵沟壑区, 黄土高原

Abstract:

Based on the recent largest war “The Riots of Hui” on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP), the evolution of environment-human interaction by this event was rebuilt by combining with the erosion flux in the Heshui and Jingbian landslide-dammed reservoirs at the different geomorphic regions, population number and ecology-social status recorded by the related documents. A weakened soil erosion was presented under “The Riots of Hui” event in the Heshui catchment at the plateau-gully region, mainly due to the rapidly natural recovery of the local eco-environment while the population decreased sharply. However, although the population increased following the ending of this war, the local ecological balance was not significantly broken, showing a relatively higher ecological carrying capacity and resilience. On the other hand, an accelerated soil erosion occurred by this war in the Jingbian catchment at the hilly-gully region. Natural vegetation in this area recovered slowly, and climate (precipitation) and soil erosion reached a balanced state until the “Reclamation-forbidden Period”. Nevertheless, soil erosion and ecological pressure were intensified again once a population explosion, displaying lower ecological resilience. All above insights suggest that it should be combined with development and protection for contemporary ecological protection and sustainable development at the plateau-gully region with near 600 mm precipitation on the CLP, while protection should be priority supplementing with land use within the check-dams system at the hilly-gully region with near 400 mm precipitation. Besides, more attention should be paid to soil and water management and scientific utilization of abandoned lands in the “hollowing villages” on the CLP.

Key words: soil erosion, “The Riots of Hui”, environment-human interaction, plateau-gully region, hilly-gully region, the Loess Plateau

中图分类号:

K921

王夏青, 张秀云, 周强, 许建伟, 张鹏钾, 彭保发. 清末“回民起义”时期黄土高原中部土壤侵蚀和人地关系演变[J]. 地理科学, 2022, 42(2): 303-313.

Wang Xiaqing, Zhang Xiuyun, Zhou Qiang, Xu Jianwei, Zhang Pengjia, Peng Baofa. Variation in Soil Erosion and Environment-human Interaction at the Center of Loess Plateau During “The Riots of Hui” at the Late Qing Dynasty[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2022, 42(2): 303-313.

图/表 6

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	年份	人口数量/万人	“回民起义”下生态-社会-经济状况的记录
靖边	1823	7.48	同治六年（1867年），当地人口数量锐减，社会经济损失严重，商业活动毁灭性破坏，街镇一空，田园荒废，民不聊生。至清代末年（1898年），靖边周围千里大约明沙、扒拉、硷滩、柳勃居十之七八，有草之地，仅十之二三^[27]
	1899	1.84
	1912	2.25
	1923	5.68
	1928	3.01
合水	1760	5.49	同治二年（1863年）春，陕甘“回民起义”入董志塬。至九年，起义军至合水固城川^[29]。至1906年，人口锐减，土地荒弃，生态植被有所恢复，长期闲置的黄土丘陵上长满了如同热带植物一样茂盛的各类植被，视线所及之处都是树木、灌木和棘刺丛。自河谷间、溪流旁会看到很多种宜于狩猎的鸟类^[24]
	1908	0.87
	1925	2.98

靖边聚湫						合水聚湫
年份	ASSY/ [10⁴ t/(km²·a)]	年际降水量/mm	年份	ASSY/ [10⁴ t/(km²·a)]	年际降水量/mm	年份	ASSY/ [10⁴ t/(km²·a)]	年际降水量/mm	年份	ASSY/ [10⁴ t/(km²·a)]	年际降水量/mm
1932	0.94	58.1	1895	0.61	50.2	1923	6.91	606.9	1887	0.81	110.0
1926	2.33	162.6	1894	0.41	45.3	1921	5.05	455.1	1886	0.92	97.0
1923	4.24	172.7	1893	2.96	142.2	1914	4.54	413.2	1885	0.21	40.7
1921	2.02	84.1	1890	2.36	92.1	1911	15.32	1444.4	1884	8.38	792.2
1919	4.84	222.8	1889	4.27	173.5	1910	4.74	430.2	1883	3.41	299.8
1917	1.59	73.7	1888	1.20	64.2	1909	5.04	563.9	1871	10.78	1009.1
1914	4.98	226.2	1887	5.30	198.2	1906	0.94	98.5	1868	20.61	2050.8
1911	0.71	52.6	1885	1.80	149.8	1905	1.60	152.5	-	-	-
1910	1.15	63.1	1884	1.06	60.9	1904	0.31	46.9	-	-	-
1907	3.72	195.8	1883	0.60	50.0	1903	17.52	1667.8	-	-	-
1906	4.55	180.3	1882	0.33	43.5	1898	0.33	48.6	-	-	-
1904	0.78	54.2	1880	9.36	295.6	1897	2.27	206.8	-	-	-
1903	3.23	148.6	1879	0.94	58.2	1896	2.28	229.1	-	-	-
1898	0.09	37.8	1873	5.15	230.2	1895	2.28	295.2	-	-	-
1897	0.35	43.9	1872	0.64	50.9	1894	3.81	331.9	-	-	-
1896	2.80	102.7	1871	1.28	66.2	1889	1.12	113.0	-	-	-

清末“回民起义”时期黄土高原中部土壤侵蚀和人地关系演变

Variation in Soil Erosion and Environment-human Interaction at the Center of Loess Plateau During “The Riots of Hui” at the Late Qing Dynasty

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