数值模拟在古气候研究中的应用

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.1993.03.257

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 通过近十几年来利用大气环流模式对古气候模拟的研究,指出数值模拟方法应用于古气候研究的优点,介绍了对中白垩纪、新生代晚期、末次冰期等几个典型地质时期的数值模拟情况和古气候模拟所取得的主要成果,并展望了数值模拟在古气候研究中的前景

Abstract: Studies of paleoclimate simulated by using general circulation models(GCM) of atmosphere in recent years are summarized and reviewed systematically in this paper. First the advantages of numerical simulation method used in paleoclimate research are pointed out. Numerical calculations can quantitatively show the nonlinear relation-ship between climate and various factors influencing it. Results of numerical simulations can fill the gaps of observaation research in both space and time, that is, sometimes GCM can tell us something about atmosphere behaviour that could not be obtained from observations. The most advantage of the method of numerical simulation lies in its altirnative tests or even null experiment that hopefully clarify how and why the atmosphere behaves under certain physical hypothesis. Such experiments are probably impossible to perform in the actual atmosphere. Then main aspects and achievements of paleoclimate simulation for several typical geological periods (the midcretaceous, late cenozoic, last glacial maximum and since then)are introduced. A series of numerical simulations and experiments made by using different GCMs explore actions of various factors to build up paleoelimate, such as the earth’s s orbital parameters,trace gases in atmosphere and boundary conditions(sea temperature, locations of continents, altitude of mountains, ice sheets, vegetation and so on). These results are undoubtedly very meaning to study and understand deeply the cause and law of climatic change and even to foreshadow the future of climate. Finally the wider vista of numerical simulatin in the area of paleoclimate research is prospected.

刘晓东. 数值模拟在古气候研究中的应用[J]. 地理科学, 1993, 13(3): 257-267,296.

Liu Xiaodong. APPLICATION OF NUMERICAL SIMULATION TO PALEOCLIMATIC RESEARCH[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 1993, 13(3): 257-267,296.

参考文献

1. Simmons A J,Bengtason L and Houghton J T. The global climate. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. 37~62.
2. Washington W M and Parkinson C L. An introduction to three dimensional climate modelling. New York :Oxford University Press,1986. 259~269
3. 刘晓东.大气环流模式中陆面过程的参数化及其敏感性研究.气象科技,1990.(5):14~23.
4. Hunt B J. Large-sale atmospheric models as an experimental tool. Aust. Met. Mag. 1982,30(1):49~55.
5. 蒋兆理,刘晓东.气候模式与古气候研究.地球科学进展.1991.(2):19~24.
6. Kutzbach J E. Modeling of paleoclimate. Adv. Geophysics, 1985.28(A):159~198.
7. Bsrron E J et al.Potential significance of land-set: distribution and surfacce albetlo variations as a climatic forcing factor :180 M. y. to the present. Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. 1980.30(1):17~40.
8. Donn W L and Shaw D M.Model of climate evolution based on continental drift and polar wandering. Geol. Soc, Amer. Bull. 1977. 88 (3):390~396.
9. Barron E J et al.An ice-free Cretaceous? Results from climate model simulations. Science,1981,212(4494):501~508.
10. Barron E J and Washington W M. The role of geographic variables in explaining paleoclimates:Results from Cretaceous climate model sensitivity studies. J.Geophys.Res.,1984,89(D1):1267~1279.
11. Barron E J and Washinhton W M. Cretaceous climate:A comparison of atmospheric simulations with the geologic record. Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol.,19$2,40(1):103~133.
12. Bryan F. High-latitude salinity effects and interhemispheric thermohaline circulations. Nature,1986,323(6086):301~304.
13. Bertter R A et al.The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the last 100 million years. Am. J.Sci.,1983,283(2).641~683.
14. Lasaga A C,Sundquist E T. The carbon cycle and atmospheric CO₂ natural variations archean to present. Washington,DC: Amer. Geopnys. Union,1985. 397~411.
15. Barron E J, Washington W M and,Sundquist E T. The carbon cycle and atmospheric CO₂ natural variations archean to present. Wasgington,DC:Amer.Geophys. Union,1985,546~553.
16. Ruddiman W F et al.Late Cenozoic uplift in southern Asia and the American west; Rational for atmospheric general circulation modeling experiments. J.Geophys.Res.,1989,94(D15):18379~392.
17. Manabe S and Terpstra K. The effects of mountains on the general circulation of the atmosphere as identified by numerical experiments. J. Atmos. Sci..1974.31(1):3~42.
18. Hahn D G end Manabe S. The role of mountains in the south Asian monsoon circulation. J. Atmos.Sci. 1975,32(8):1515~1541.
19. 刘晓东等.青藏高原地表热状况对夏季东亚大气环流影响的数值模拟.高原气象,1989,8(3):205~216.
20. 刘晓东,蒋兆理.南亚夏季西南季风形成的数值试验研究.四川师范大学学报,1991.,(2):112~116.
21. Kutzbach J E et al.Sensitivity of climate to late Cenozoic uplift in southern Asia and the American west:numerical experiment,. J. Geophys.Res. 1989,94(D15):18393~408.
22. Ruddiman W F et al. Forcing of Late Cenozoic Northern Hemispheric climate by plateau uplift in southern Asia and the American west. J. Geophys. Res.,1989; 94 (D15):18409~427.
23. Demon G H and Hughes T J. The last dreat Ice sheets. New York:Wiley,1981. 1~262.
24. Hughes T J, Demon G H and Hughes T J. The last great ice sheets. New York:Wiley,1981.263~317.
25. Peterson G M et al. The continental record of enviromental conditions at 18.000 year,BP: An initial evaluation.Quat. Res.,1979,12(1):47~82.
26. Alyea F N. Numerical simulation of ice age paleoclimate. Atmos. Sci. Pap. 1972. (193):1~98.
27. William J et al. Simulation of the atmospheric circulation using the NCAR global circulation model with ice age boundary conditions. J. Anl. Meteorol. 1974,13(3):305~317.
28. CLIMAP Project Members. The surface of the Ice-Age Earth.Science,1976.191(4232):1131~11136.
29. CLIMAP Project Members. Seasonal reconstructions of the Earth's surface at the last glacial maximum. Geol. Soc. Am. Map Chart Ser,M. C-36,1981.
30. Gates W L. Modeling.the Ice Age climate. Science,1976,191(4232):1138~1144.
31. Gates W L. The numerical simulation of the Ice Age climate with a global general circulation model. J. Atmos.Sci. 1976, 33 (10):1844~1873.
32. Manabe S and Hahn D G. Simulation of the tropical climate of an Ice Age. J. Geophys. Res.,1977.82(27) :3889~3911.
33. Hansen J, Hansen J E and Takahxshi T. Climate Processes and climate sensitivity. Washington.DC:Amer. Geophys. Union,1984. 130~163.
34. Manabe S, Broccoli A J,Berger A. Milankovitch and Climate. Netherlands:Dordrecht,1984.789~800.
35. Manabe S and Broccoli A J. The influence of continental ice sheets on the climate of an ice age. J. Geophys. Res,1985,90(D1):2167~2190.
36. Mxnabe S and Bryan K. CO₂-induced change in a coupled ocean-atmosphere model and its paleoclimatic implication. J. Geophys. Res.,1985,90(C6):11689~11707.
37. Broccoli A J and Mxnabe S. The influence of continerrtal ice,atmospheric CO₂ and land albedo on climate of the last glacial maximum. Climate. Dynamics,1987,1(1):87~99.
38. Manabe S and Broccoli A J. A comparison of climate model sensitivity with data from the last glacial maximum. J. Atmos. Sci,1985, 42 (23) :2643~2651.
39. Rind D and Peteet D. Terrestrial conditions at the last glacial maximum and CLIMAP sea-surface temperature estimates: Are they consistent? Quat. Res.,1985,24(1):1~22.
40. Kutzbach J E and Weight H E. Simulation of the climate of 18,000 yr BP:Results for the North American/North Atlantic/European sector and comparison with the geologic record. Quat.Sci. Rev.,1985,4(2),147~187
41. Kutzbach J E and Guetter P J. The influence of changing orbital parameters and surface boundary conditions on climate simulations for the past 18000 years. J. Atmos. Ssi.,1986.43(16) :1726~1759.
42. Stauifer B,Langway C C et al. Greenland ice core: Geophysics,Geochemistry and the Environment,Washington, DC: Amer.Geophys.Union,1985.85~90.
43. COHMAP Project Members. Reconstrnctions of climate and comparison with general circulation model simulations for 118,000 yr to present at 3000yr interval.Climatic Change,1985.10(2),224~251.
44. COHMAP Project Members. Climatic changes of the last 18.000 years:Observations and model simulation. Science,1988,241(4868):1043~1052.
45. Kutzbach J E. Monsoon climate of the early Holocene:Climatic experiment using the earth's orbital parameters for 9000 year ago.Science,1981,214(4516):59~61.
46. Kutzbach J E and Otto-Bliesner B L. The sensitivity of the African-Asian monsoonal climate to orbital parameter changes for 9000 years BP in a low-resolution general circulation model. J,Atmos. Sci,1982,39(6):1177~1188.
47. Kutzbach J E and Guetter P J. Sensitivity of late-glacial and Holocene climates to the combined effects of orbital parameter changes and low boundary condition change: "snapshot"simulations with a general circulation model for 18.9 and 6 Ka BP. Ann. Clacio1.1984,5(1):85~87.
48. Kutzbach J E. Guetter P J, Berger A. Milankovitch and climate.Netherlands:Dordrecht,1984. 801~820.
49. Kutzbach J E and Streer-Perrott F A.Milankovitch forcing of fluctuations in the level of tropical lakes from 18 to 0 kyr BP. Nature,1985.317(6032):130~134.
50. Prell W L; Berger A. Milankovitch and climate.Netherlands:Dordrecht,1984.349~366.
51. Street F A and Grove A T. Global maps of lake-level fluctuations since 30.000 yr B. P. Quat. Res.,1979,12(1):83~118.