新月形沙丘研究进展

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2014.01.76

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

新月形沙丘是最简单且研究较深入的风积地貌,对其研究已有较长的历史。总结和扼要评述国内外对新月形沙丘形态与移动特征、形成条件与过程、流场与蚀积特征、粒度与构造特征及分布与相互作用的研究成果;分析了对其未来的研究趋势。

关键词: 新月形沙丘, 形态与移动, 形成条件与过程, 流场与蚀积特征, 粒度与构造特征

Abstract:

Barchan dunes are the most common and more in-depth researched aeolian landform, which have been learnt for a long time. This study briefly reviews the shapes and migration, formation conditions and process, flow field and erosion, grain size and structure, distribution and interaction of barchan dunes, and analyzes its study trends. Although a lot of important progress has been made in the study of barchan dune, there are still many problems needs to be solved. Firstly, shapes and migration are the most obvious characters of the barchan dune and have been researched since 1940. However, in the same region where the shapes of barchan dune are varied, the reasons are worth studying. Meanwhile, the researches in barchan dunes migration were concentrated on long period of time interval, while the short time interval studies, such as season and sand storm event, are critical in the projects of windbreak and sand-fixation, but have been concerned little. Secondly, in the formation condition and process, whether EST can stand for sand availability or not and which parameters can instead of it are still needed to answer. Meantime, experiments of the formation process are few, which are very important to prove the conceptual model. Thirdly, in the flow field of barchans dunes, how to measure shear force and the turbulent are very important aspects to study since how sand movement and deposition in the turbulent condition are the microscopic factors to explain the evolution. Moreover, studies of barchans dune structures are limited, so we can use new technologies, such as GPR(Ground Penetrating Radar) in the future. At last, distribution and interaction of barchan dunes are hot fields, where many studies have been done. However, they are still to be advanced and qualitative, and lots of problems are needed to solve. For instance, process, mass change and control condition of interaction, formation and development mechanism of barchans dune distribution.

Key words: barchan dunes, shapes and migration, formation conditions and process, flow field and erosion, grain size and structure

中图分类号:

P931.3

杨岩岩, 刘连友, 屈志强, 张国明. 新月形沙丘研究进展[J]. 地理科学, 2014, 34(1): 76-83.

Yan-yan YANG, Lian-you LIU, Zhi-qiang QU, Guo-ming ZHANG. A Review of Barchan Dunes[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2014, 34(1): 76-83.

图/表 3

参考文献 86

[1]	Bagnold R A.The physics of blown sand and desert dunes[M].London: Chapmann and Hall,1941:265.
[2]	Howard A D,Morton J B,Gad-el-Hak M,et al.Sand transport model of barchan dune equilibrium[J]. Sedimentology,1978,25:307-338.
[3]	Hunter R E,Richmond B M,Alpha T R.Storm-controlled oblique dunes of the Oregon coast[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1983,94:1450-1465.
[4]	Meigs P.World distribution of arid and semi-arid homoclimates[J].Review of Research on Arid Zone Hydrology,UNESCO Arid Zone Res, Series,1953,1:203-209.
[5]	Sauermann G,Rognon P,Poliakov A,et al.The shape of the barchan dunes of Southern Morocco[J].Geomorphology, 2000,36:47-62.
[6]	Frank A,Kocurek G.Airflow up the stoss slope of sand dunes:limitations of current understanding[J].Geomorphology,1996a,17:47-54.
[7]	Sweet M L,Kocurek G.An empirical model of Aeolian dune lee-face airflow[J].Sedimentology,1990,37:1023-1038.
[8]	Hesp P A,Hastings K.Width,height and slope relationships and aerodynamic maintenance of barchans[J].Geomorphology,1998,22:193-204.
[9]	Hastenrath S.The barchans of the Arequipa Region,Southern Peru[J].Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie,1967,11:300-331.
[10]	Belrhiti H E,Douady S.Equilibrium versus disequilibrium of barchan dunes[J].Geomorphology,2011,125:558-568.
[11]	Long J T,Sharp R P.Barchan-dune movement in Imperial Valley,CA[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1964,75:149-156.
[12]	Bourke M C.Barchan dune asymmetry:Observations from Mars and Earth[J].Icarus,2010,205:183-197.
[13]	Hersen P,Douady S,Andreotti B.Relevant length scale of barchan dunes[J].Physical Review Letters,2002,89:4.
[14]	Buckley R C.The effect of sparse vegetation on the transport of dune sand by wind[J].Nature,1987,325:426-428.
[15]	Bourke M C,Goudie A S.Varieties of barchans form in the Namib Desert and on Mars[J].Aeolian Research,2009,1:45-54.
[16]	Hack J T.Dunes of the Western Navajo Country[J]. Geographical Review,1941,31:240-263.
[17]	朱震达,陈治平,吴正,等.塔克拉玛干风沙地貌研究[M].北京:科学出版社,1981:56~80.
[18]	Hersen P.On the crescentic shape of barchan dunes[J].European Physical Journal B,2004,37:507-514.
[19]	Gay S P.Observation regarding the movement of barchan sand dunes in the Nazca to Tanaca area of southern Peru[J].Geomorphology,1999,27:279-293.
[20]	Andreotti B,Claudin P,Douady S.Selection of dune shapes and velocities (2Parts)[J].European Physical Journal B,2002,28:341-352.
[21]	Wilson I G.Aeolian bedforms their development and origins[J].Sedimentology,1972,19:173-210.
[22]	Greeley R,Iversen J D.Wind as a Geological Process on Earth,Mars,Venus and Titan[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1985:333.
[23]	周兴佳,李崇舜,雷加强,等.塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒县沙丘移动规律的初步研究[J].干旱区研究,1990,1:39~44.
[24]	Dong Z B,Wang X M,Chen G T.Monitoring sand dune advance in the Taklimakan Desert[J].Geomorphology,2000,35:219-231.
[25]	Marı´n L,Forman S L,Valdez A,et al.Twentieth century dune migration at the Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve,Colorado,relation to drought variability[J].Geomorphology,2005,70:163-183.
[26]	Bristowa C S,Lancaster N.Movement of a small slip face less dome dune in the Namib Sand Sea,Namibia[J].Geomorphology,2005,114:361-372.
[27]	Finkel H J.The barchans of Southern Peru[J].The Journal of Geology,1959,67:614-647.
[28]	Wang Z T,Zhao H,Zhang K C.Barchans of Minqin: quantifying migration rate of a barchans[J].Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions,2009,1(2):151-156.
[29]	Hermas E,Leprince S,El-Magd I A.Retrieving sand dune movements using sub-pixel correlation of multi-temporal optical remote sensing imagery,northwest Sinai Peninsula,Egypt[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2012,121:51-60.
[30]	Yao Z Y,Wang T,Han Z W,et al.Migration of sand dunes on the northern Alxa Plateau, Inner Mongolia, China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2007,70:80-93.
[31]	Navarro M,Juan J,Muñoz-Pérez,et al.Assessment of highly active dune mobility in the medium, short and very short term[J].Geomorphology,2011,129:14-28.
[32]	Necsoiu M,Leprince S,Hooper D M,et al.Monitoring migration rates of an active subarctic dune field using optical imagery[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2009,113: 2441-2447.
[33]	费道洛维奇 B A.现代沙漠地貌的起源[M].陈治平,朱震达,吴正,等译.北京:科学出版社,1962:1~15.
[34]	Wasson R J,Hyde R.Factors determining desert dune type[J].Nature,1983,304:337-339.
[35]	Rubin D M.Factors determining desert dune type[J].Nature,1984,309:91-92.
[36]	Andreotti B,Claudin P,Douady S.Selection of barchan shapes and velocities.Part1:Dynamics of sand,wind and dunes[J].Eur. Phys. J. B,2002a,28: 321-339.
[37]	Taniguchi K,Endo N.The effect of periodic changes in wind direction on the deformation and morphology of isolated sand dunes based on flume experiments and field data from the Western Sahara[J].Geomorphology,2012,90:91-100.
[38]	李恒鹏,陈广庭,李波.新月形沙丘迎风坡气流加速模拟[J].中国沙漠,21(1):24~27.
[39]	Faria R, Ferreiral D,Sismeiro J L,et al.Wind tunnel and computational study of the stoss slope effect on the Aeolian erosion of transverse sand dunes[J].Aeolian Research,2011,3:303-314.
[40]	Frank A,Kocurek G.Toward a model for airflow on the lee side of aeolian dunes[J].Sedimentology,1996,43(3):451-458.
[41]	Lancaster N,Nickling W G,McKenna N C,et al.Sediment flux and airflow on the stoss slope of a barchans dune[J].Geomorphology,1996,17:55-62.
[42]	Wu X,Zou X,Zheng Z C,et al.Field measurement and scaleddown wind-tunnel model measurement of airflow field over a barchan dune[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2011,75:438-445.
[43]	哈斯,贵勇,董光荣.沙丘背风侧气流及其沉积类型与意义[J].沉积学报,2001,19(1):96~100,124.
[44]	Walker I J,Nickling W G.Simulation and measurement of surface shear stress over isolated and closely spaced transverse dunes in a wind tunnel[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 2003,28:1111-1124.
[45]	王训明,董治宝,赵爱国.简单横向沙丘表面物质组成、气流分布及其在动力学过程中的意义[J].干旱区资源与环境,2004,18(4):29~33.
[46]	钱广强,董治宝,罗万银,等.横向沙丘背风侧气流重附风洞模拟[J].中国沙漠,2008,28(1):16~20.
[47]	李志忠,关有志.纵向沙丘和横向沙丘模拟流场的实验研究[J].中国沙漠,1996,16(4):360~363.
[48]	Nelson J M,McLean S R,Wolfe S R.Mean flow and turbulence fields over two-dimensional bed forms[J].Water Resources Research,1993,29:3935-3953.
[49]	McLean S R,Nelson J M,Wolfe S R.Turbulence structure over two-dimensional bed forms:implications for sediment transport[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,99:12729-12747.
[50]	Venditti J C,Bauer B O.Turbulent flow over a dune: Green River,Colorado[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 2005,30:289-304.
[51]	Baddock M C,Livingstone I,Wiggs G F S.The geomorphological significance of airflow patterns in transverse dune interdunes[J].Geomorphology,2007,87:322-336.
[52]	Wippermann F K,Gross G.The wind-induced shaping and migration of an isolated dune: a numerical experiment[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 1986,36:319-334.
[53]	Weng W S,Hunt J C R,Carruthers D J,et al.Air flow and sand transport over sand-dunes[J].Acta Mechanica Supplementum,1991,2:1-22.
[54]	Stam J M T.On the modelling of two-dimensional aeolian dunes[J].Sedimentology,1997,44:127-141.
[55]	Liu B L,Qu J J,Zhang W M,et al.Numerical simulation of wind flow over transverse and pyramid dunes[J]. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2011,99:879-888.
[56]	江丽娟. 新月形沙丘风场的数值模拟[D].兰州:兰州大学,2009.
[57]	Leeder M R.On the interactions between turbulent flow,sediment transport and bedform mechanics in channelised flows[M]//Collinson J D, Lewin J.Modern and ancient fluvial Systems. Special Publication of the International Association of Sedimentologists.Blackwell:Oxford,1983:5-18.
[58]	Wiggs G F S.Desert dune processes and dynamics[J].Progress in Physical Geography,2001,25: 53-59.
[59]	Sauermann G,Andrade J S,Maia L P,et al.Wind velocity and sand transport on a barchan dune[J].Geomorphology,2003,54:245-255.
[60]	Wang Z T,Zhang J W,Zhang Q H,et al.Barchans of Minqin:Sediment transport[J].Geomorphology,2008,96:233-238.
[61]	Wiggs G F S,Livingstone I,Warren A.The role of streamline curvature in sand dune dynamics:evidence from field and wind tunnel measurements[J].Geomorphology,1996,17:29-46.
[62]	张春来,郝青振,邹学勇,等.新月形沙丘迎风坡形态及沉积物对表面气流的响应[J].中国沙漠,19(4):359~363.
[63]	Weaver C M,Wiggs G F S.Field measurements of mean and turbulent airflow over a barchan sand dune[J].Geomorphology,2011,128:32-41.
[64]	Wiggs G F S,Weaver C M.Turbulent flow structures and aeolian sediment transport over a barchan sand dune[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2012,39:1-7.
[65]	韩致文,缑倩倩,杜鹤强,等.新月形沙丘表面100 cm高度内风沙流输沙量垂直分布函数分段拟合[J].地理科学,2012,32(7):892~897.
[66]	哈斯. 腾格里沙漠东南缘沙丘表面风沙流结构变异的初步研究[J].科学通报,2004,49(11):1099~1104.
[67]	董玉祥,黄德全,马骏.海岸沙丘表面不同部位风沙流中不同粒径沙粒垂向分布的变化[J].地理科学,2010,30(3):391~397.
[68]	赵景峰,李崇舜,周兴佳,等.新月形沙丘丘表流场与沙丘蚀积特征[J].中国沙漠,1993,13(3):18~24.
[69]	Livingstone I.Monitoring surface change on a Namib linear dune[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1989,18:661-664.
[70]	Barndorff- Nielsen O,Dalsgaard K,Halgreen C,et al.Variation in particle size over a small dune[J].Sedimentology,1982,29:53-65.
[71]	哈斯,庄燕美,王蕾,等.毛乌素沙地南缘横向沙丘粒度分布及其对风向变化的响应[J].地理科学进展,2006,25(6):42~51.
[72]	周娜,张春来,刘永刚.雅鲁藏布江米林宽谷段新月形沙丘粒度分异研究[J].地理科学,2011,31(8):558~596.
[73]	陈渭南,雷加强.塔克拉玛干沙漠新月形沙丘不同部位的粒度特征[J].干旱区资源与环境,1992,6(2):101~110.
[74]	Folk R L.Longitudinal dunes of the Northwestern edge of the Simpson Desert, Northern Territory,Australia: geomorphology and grain size relationships[J].Sedimentology,1971,16:4~54.
[75]	李志忠. 新月形沙丘研究进展综述[J].干旱区地理,1994,17(4):81~87.
[76]	Mckee E D.Structures of dunes at White Sands National Monument,New Mexico[J].Sedimentology,1966,7(1):1-69.
[77]	Harari Z.Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for imaging stratigraphic features and groundwater in sand dunes[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,1996,36:43-52.
[78]	Gómez-Ortiz D,Martín-Crespo T,Rodríguez I,et al.The internal structure of modern barchan dunes of the Ebro River Delta (Spain) from ground penetrating radar[J].Journal of Applied Geophysics,2009,68:159-170.
[79]	Bishop M A.Point pattern analysis of north polar crescentic dunes,Mars:a geography of dune self-organization[J].Icarus,2007,191:151-157.
[80]	Durán O,Claudin P,Andreotti B.On aeolian transport: Grain-scale interactions,dynamical mechanisms and scaling laws[J].Aeolian Research,2011,3:243-270.
[81]	Kocurek G,Ewing R C.Aeolian dune field self-organization-implications for the formation of simple versus complex dune-field patterns[J].Geomorphology,2005,72:94-105.
[82]	Engel P.Length of flow separation over dunes[J].Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers,1981,107:1133-1143.
[83]	Elbelrhiti H,Claudin P,Andreotti B.Fielde vidence for surface-wave-induced instability of sand dunes[J].Nature,2005,437:720-723.
[84]	Endo N,Taniguchi K,Katsuki A.Observation of the whole process of interaction between barchans by flume experiments[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2004,31 L125033:1-3.
[85]	Katsuki A,Nishimori H,Endo N,et al.Collision dynamics of two barchan dunes simulated by a simple model[J].J. Phys. Soc. JPN,2005,74:538-541.
[86]	Livingstone I,Wiggs G F S,Baddock M C.Barchan dunes:why they cannot be treated as ‘solitons’ or ‘solitary waves’[J]. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,2005,30:25.

研究区	平均移动速度（m/a）	方向	时间分辨率	方法	参考文献
塔克拉玛干南缘	5~18	ESE	1 a	插钎法	[17,23]
塔克拉玛干	6.4	SW	2 a	插钎法	[24]
大沙丘国家公园和自然保护区（美国）	1.9~7.5	WSW	63 a	遥感影像	[25]
纳米布沙漠	3.75	NE	24 a	遥感影像	[26]
秘鲁南部	15	NE	3 a	遥感影像	[27]
秘鲁南部	11~60	SE	11 a	遥感影像	[19]
腾格里沙漠	3.42	SE	-	¹⁴C	[28]
英皮里尔谷	15~25	E	22 a	遥感影像	[11]
西奈半岛西北部	11.9	SE,E	1 a	遥感影像和COSI-Corr技术	[29]
阿拉善高原北部	5.3	ESE-SE	27 a	遥感影像	[30]
维谷（南极洲）	1.5	SW	40 a	遥感影像和LiDAR	[13]
直布罗陀海峡	1.75	W	1 d	插钎法	[31]
科伯克河谷国家公园（阿拉斯加）	0.5~1.5	SW	5 a	遥感影像和COSI-Corr技术	[32]