
中国500强的行业结构及其区域差异
Chinese Industrial Structure and Its Regional Disparity Based on the Data of Chinese Top 500 Enterprises
中国500强是中国优秀企业的集中体现,决定了中国未来产业乃至经济的发展方向。基于2009~2014年“中国500强”数据,从企业数量和营业收入角度分别对中国500强的行业结构和区域分布概况进行统计分析,继而探讨中国各省市的行业结构及其空间格局特征。结果表明:① 2009~2014年,制造业的上榜企业数量与营业收入占比均保持下降趋势,但制造业在13类行业中仍占主导,是当前中国国民经济中不可或缺的支柱行业;金融业、建筑业、批发和零售业以及房地产业发展势头强劲,是主导产业的重要组成部分;② 中国500强的地理集中度不断提升,东部地区特别是北京、上海、广东3省市以及香港地区是中国500强企业及其营业收入的主要集聚区域;③ 中国各省市行业结构的空间格局特征表现为:行业结构多元化、简单化与单一化并存,呈阶梯状分布;制造业占主导,但各省市制造业所占份额差距大;服务业趋于向东部省市集中;产业结构效益的区域差异显著。
Chinese top 500 enterprises are the concentrated reflection of Chinese outstanding enterprises, which determine the development direction of Chinese future industry and even economy. On the basis of ‘Chinese top 500 enterprises’ data derived from Fortunechina.com, and having taken the number of enterprises and operating incomes as the main assessment index, this article analyzed the characteristics of industrial structure and regional distribution of Chinese top 500 enterprises by statistics, and then probed into the spatial pattern of provincial industrial structure. There were three key findings.First, during the period of 2009-2014, a declining trend has showed in the proportion of listed companies and its operating incomes of manufacturing industry, but manufacturing industry still dominant in the 13 kinds of industries, and even be the indispensable pillar of Chinese economy. Another four industries like financial, construction, wholesale and retail trade and real estate, have a strong momentum of development and shoulder the burden of leading industries. As a technology-intensive industry, information transmission and software industry has some difference with the above industries. For instance, it has a low proportion of listed enterprises and operating incomes, while the proportion trends to rise again in the recent three years. So the information transmission and software industry can be regarded as the pioneer industry, and have the possibility to be the leading industryin the future spell. The second finding is that the geographical concentration of Chinese top 500 enterprises upgrades continuously, specifically, the concentration areas of Chinese top 500 enterprises are mainly in eastern region, especially in Beijing City, Shanghai City and Guangdong Province, and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The last key finding is about spatial pattern of provincial industrial structure, which manifests that industrial structure tends to be diverse, simplified and single which distributed in ladder pattern, and that there is a great gap in the proportion of provincial manufacturing industry and enterprises belonging to services industry tend to concentrate in eastern provinces. Meanwhile, it is palpable of the disparity between provincial benefit of industrial structure. At the end of the article, some feasible measures are advised to out of the dilemma suffered by Chinese industry, likely, attach equal importance to producer services and strategic emerging industry, which could guide the industry to climb to the high-end of the value train and further upgrade the industrial structure.
中国500强 / 行业结构 / 支柱产业 / 地理集中度 / 产业结构指数 {{custom_keyword}} /
Chinese top 500 enterprises / industrialstructural / the pillar of economy / geographical concentration / industrial structural index {{custom_keyword}} /
表1 中国500强所属行业分类Table 1 Industry classification of Chinese top 500 enterprises |
行业 代码 | 行业分类 | 子行业 |
---|---|---|
A | 农林牧渔业 | 农林牧渔 |
B | 采矿业 | 煤炭 |
C | 制造业 | 汽车及零配件,家用电器,金属,机械设备制造,工程机械制造,化学原料和化学制品(化工),石油、天然气、化工,建材,船舶,计算机及相关产品,纺织服装,医药、生物制品、医疗保健,食品饮料,电子和电子元器件,造纸、印刷,其他制造业 |
D | 电气水生产供应业 | 电力,煤气供应 |
E | 建筑业 | 基建,建筑 |
F | 批发和零售业 | 批发零售,贸易,专业连锁销售 |
G | 交通运输业 | 交通运输、物流、仓储业,港口 |
H | 住宿和餐饮业 | 酒店 |
I | 信息软件业 | 通讯和通讯设备,互联网服务,信息技术 |
J | 金融业 | 商业银行,保险业,证券业,多元化投资 |
K | 房地产业 | 房地产 |
L | 商务服务业 | 旅游业,传媒文化,包装 |
Z | 综合企业 | 综合企业 |
表2 企业数量视角的2009~2014年中国500强的行业结构Table 2 Industrial structure of Chinese top 500 enterprises on the perspective of number in 2009-2014 |
2009年 | 2010年 | 2011年 | 2012年 | 2013年 | 2014年 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
行业代码 | 数量(家) | 占比(%) | 数量(家) | 占比(%) | 数量(家) | 占比(%) | 数量(家) | 占比(%) | 数量(家) | 占比(%) | 数量(家) | 占比(%) | |||||
A | 7 | 1.40 | 7 | 1.40 | 6 | 1.20 | 6 | 1.20 | 6 | 1.20 | 8 | 1.60 | |||||
B | 21 | 4.20 | 22 | 4.40 | 24 | 4.80 | 23 | 4.60 | 19 | 3.80 | 16 | 3.20 | |||||
C | 280 | 56.00 | 276 | 55.20 | 279 | 55.80 | 267 | 53.40 | 259 | 51.80 | 249 | 49.80 | |||||
D | 23 | 4.60 | 21 | 4.20 | 20 | 4.00 | 23 | 4.60 | 26 | 5.20 | 28 | 5.60 | |||||
E | 21 | 4.20 | 22 | 4.40 | 24 | 4.80 | 26 | 5.20 | 27 | 5.40 | 26 | 5.20 | |||||
F | 35 | 7.00 | 38 | 7.60 | 41 | 8.20 | 42 | 8.40 | 46 | 9.20 | 49 | 9.80 | |||||
G | 21 | 4.20 | 20 | 4.00 | 24 | 4.80 | 24 | 4.80 | 21 | 4.20 | 22 | 4.40 | |||||
H | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 | 1 | 0.20 | 1 | 0.20 | 1 | 0.20 | 1 | 0.20 | |||||
I | 18 | 3.60 | 16 | 3.20 | 12 | 2.40 | 11 | 2.20 | 14 | 2.80 | 15 | 3.00 | |||||
J | 26 | 5.20 | 29 | 5.80 | 27 | 5.40 | 26 | 5.20 | 29 | 5.80 | 37 | 7.40 | |||||
K | 37 | 7.40 | 36 | 7.20 | 32 | 6.40 | 39 | 7.80 | 40 | 8.00 | 43 | 8.60 | |||||
L | 4 | 0.80 | 5 | 1.00 | 4 | 0.80 | 4 | 0.80 | 4 | 0.80 | 6 | 1.20 | |||||
Z | 7 | 1.40 | 8 | 1.60 | 6 | 1.20 | 8 | 1.60 | 8 | 1.60 | 0 | 0.00 | |||||
总和 | 500 | 100 | 500 | 100 | 500 | 100 | 500 | 100 | 500 | 100 | 500 | 100 |
表3 营业收入视角的2009~2014年中国500强的行业结构Table 3 Industrial structure of Chinese top 500 enterprises on the perspective of operating income in 2009-2014 |
2009年 | 2010年 | 2011年 | 2012年 | 2013年 | 2014年 | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
行业代码 | 收入 (亿元) | 占比(%) | 收入 (亿元) | 占比(%) | 收入 (亿元) | 占比(%) | 收入 (亿元) | 占比(%) | 收入 (亿元) | 占比(%) | 收入 (亿元) | 占比(%) | |||||
A | 443 | 0.32 | 531 | 0.28 | 1227 | 0.52 | 1329 | 0.51 | 1353 | 0.47 | 2851 | 0.94 | |||||
B | 3853 | 2.81 | 5264 | 2.77 | 7500 | 3.16 | 8777 | 3.35 | 8157 | 2.82 | 6847 | 2.25 | |||||
C | 68324 | 49.89 | 97335 | 51.3 | 124328 | 52.43 | 131093 | 50.07 | 138807 | 48.03 | 135619 | 44.55 | |||||
D | 3845 | 2.81 | 4998 | 2.63 | 5708 | 2.41 | 6521 | 2.49 | 7856 | 2.72 | 8399 | 2.76 | |||||
E | 16120 | 11.77 | 21253 | 11.2 | 24354 | 10.27 | 26947 | 10.29 | 31073 | 10.75 | 33161 | 10.89 | |||||
F | 5564 | 4.06 | 8063 | 4.25 | 11073 | 4.67 | 12813 | 4.89 | 15207 | 5.26 | 19775 | 6.5 | |||||
G | 3883 | 2.84 | 5722 | 3.02 | 7037 | 2.97 | 7545 | 2.88 | 7659 | 2.65 | 8141 | 2.67 | |||||
H | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 127 | 0.05 | 139 | 0.05 | 93 | 0.03 | 94 | 0.03 | |||||
I | 9828 | 7.18 | 10749 | 5.67 | 12361 | 5.21 | 12974 | 4.96 | 15670 | 5.42 | 16976 | 5.58 | |||||
J | 19742 | 14.42 | 27711 | 14.61 | 34015 | 14.34 | 40943 | 15.64 | 47461 | 16.42 | 56718 | 18.63 | |||||
K | 3701 | 2.7 | 5385 | 2.84 | 6399 | 2.7 | 9035 | 3.45 | 11819 | 4.09 | 15135 | 4.97 | |||||
L | 200 | 0.15 | 331 | 0.17 | 363 | 0.15 | 445 | 0.17 | 468 | 0.16 | 682 | 0.22 | |||||
Z | 1441 | 1.05 | 2379 | 1.25 | 2642 | 1.11 | 3236 | 1.24 | 3385 | 1.17 | 0 | 0 | |||||
总和 | 136945 | 100 | 189721 | 100 | 237133 | 100 | 261797 | 100 | 289008 | 100 | 304400 | 100 |
表4 基于企业数量和营业收入的中国500强的地理集中度Table 4 Geographic concentration of Chinese top 500 enterprises |
HHI指数 | 2009年 | 2010年 | 2011年 | 2012年 | 2013年 | 2014年 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
企业数量 | 0.0778 | 0.0780 | 0.0794 | 0.0979 | 0.0949 | 0.0979 |
营业收入 | 0.2627 | 0.2607 | 0.2695 | 0.2831 | 0.2812 | 0.2774 |
图1 2009~2014年中国500强的地区分布Fig. 1 Regional distribution of Chinese top 500 enterprises in 2009-2014 |
图2 2009年和2014年各省市上榜企业占500强比重Fig. 2 The proportion of provincial listed enterprises to Chinese top 500 enterprises in 2009 and 2014 |
图3 2009~2014年中国500强营业收入的地区分布Fig. 3 Regional distribution of operating incomes of Chinese top 500 enterprises in 2009-2014 |
图4 2009年和2014年各省市的中国500强营业收入比重Fig. 4 The proportion of operating incomes of provincial listed enterprises in 2009 and 2014 |
图5 企业数量视角的中国500强行业结构的空间格局Fig. 5 Spatial pattern of industrial structure on the perspective of enterprise number |
图6 企业收入视角的中国500强行业结构的空间格局Fig. 6 Spatial pattern of industrial structure on the perspective of operating incomes |
表5 基于中国500强的中国产业结构效益类型Table 5 The type of industrial structural efficiency based on Chinese top 500 enterprises |
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The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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