张家界农户乡村旅游脆弱性评价与影响因素

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2020.08.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以张家界7个村庄334户农户为研究对象，运用参与式农村评估法（PRA）、主成分分析法、聚类分析法和多元线性回归等方法，分析不同类型农户脆弱性指数以及脆弱性影响因素。研究结果表明：① 农户乡村旅游脆弱性类型可分为意识脆弱型、社交脆弱型、人力脆弱型、发展均衡型和全面脆弱型5种类型；② 总体脆弱性方面，不同类型农户的总体脆弱程度均为脆弱，各自脆弱性指数不一，且非旅游农户高于旅游农户；③ 因子脆弱性中除社交脆弱型农户的民俗文化因子脆弱性指数高于农户认知因子脆弱性外，其他类型农户的人力素质、社会网络、生计资本和农户认知等4个因子脆弱性指数均高于政策制度、生态环境和民俗文化等3个因子脆弱性指数；④ 人力、文化和生态等方面的因子是影响农户乡村旅游脆弱性的主要因素。最后，从提升生计资本、传承民俗文化和保护生态环境等方面提出降低农户乡村旅游脆弱性的几点建议。

关键词: 农户, 乡村旅游, 脆弱性类型, 脆弱性评价, 影响因素, 张家界

Abstract:

Based on the connotation of rural tourism vulnerability, this paper constructs a vulnerability evaluation index system. Taking 334 rural households in 7 villages of Zhangjiajie as the research object, using the methods of participatory rural assessment (PRA), principal component analysis, cluster analysis and multiple linear regression, this paper analyzes the vulnerability index of different types of farmer and the influencing factors of vulnerability. The results show that: 1) Rural tourism vulnerability of farmers can be divided into five types: Consciousness vulnerability, social vulnerability, human vulnerability, development balance and total vulnerability; 2) In terms of the total vulnerability, the vulnerability of different types of farmers is fragile, their vulnerability indexes are different and non-tourism farmers are higher than tourism farmers; 3) In addition, the vulnerability index of folk culture factors of social vulnerable farmers is higher than that of cognitive factors, the vulnerability indexes of human quality, social network, livelihood capital and farmers' cognition of other types of farmers are higher than those of policy system, ecological environment and folk culture; 4) Human, cultural and ecological factors are the main factors that affect the vulnerability of rural tourism. Finally, some suggestions are put forward to reduce the vulnerability of rural tourism from the aspects of improving livelihood capital, inheriting folk culture and protecting ecological environment.

Key words: farmers, rural tourism, vulnerability type, vulnerability evaluation, influence factor, Zhangjiajie

中图分类号:

K901.8

吴吉林, 刘帅, 刘水良, 谢文海, 姚春桂. 张家界农户乡村旅游脆弱性评价与影响因素[J]. 地理科学, 2020, 40(8): 1336-1344.

Wu Jilin, Liu Shuai, Liu Shuiliang, Xie Wenhai, Yao Chungui. Vulnerability Assessment and Influencing Factors of Farmers Towards Rural Tourism in Zhangjiajie[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2020, 40(8): 1336-1344.

图/表 5

图 1

表 1

农户乡村旅游脆弱性指标体系"

准则层	指标层	变量赋值	权重	指标向性
人力脆弱性（0.3266) B₁	家庭成员受教育程度C₁	1=未受教育；2=小学；3=初中；4=高中；5=大专及本科以上	0.1366	负
	外出务工、创业经历C₂	1=无；2=1次；3=2~3次；4=4~5次；5=5次以上	0.0789	负
	家庭成员参与旅游业人数C₃	1=无；2=1人；3=2~3人；4=4~5人；5=5人以上	0.0616	负
	家庭劳动力“空心化”程度C₄	1=很低；2=较低；3=一般；4=较高；5=很高	0.0570	正
政策脆弱性（0.1687) B₂	政策知晓度C₅	1=不知晓；2=1种；3=2种；4=3种；5=3种以上	0.0518	负
	家庭获得资助机会C₆	1=无；2=1次；3=2次；4=3次；5=3次以上	0.0443	负
	供水保障程度C₇	1=河流、池塘（自挑）；2=井水（自挑）；3=山泉水（自流）；4=井水（机抽）；5=自来水	0.0409	负
	距供电站（主线）距离远近C₈	1=501 m 以上；2=201~500 m；3=101~200 m；4=51~100 m；5=50 m 内	0.0368	负
	入户道路条件C₉	1=未铺装路不通车；2=铺装路能通摩托车；3=未铺装路能通大巴车或小汽车；4=铺装路能通小汽车；5=铺装路能通大巴车	0.0347	负
	家庭网络通讯条件C₁₀	1=很差；2=较差；3=一般；4=较好；5=很好	0.0338	负
社会脆弱性（0.1397)B3	家庭区位条件C₁₁	1=离村主干道和游线均较远（101 m以上）；2=离村主干道或游线较近（51~100 m）；3=离村主干道和游线均较近（51~100 m）；4=离村主干道或游线很近（50 m以内）；5=离村主干道和游线均很近（50 m以内）	0.0271	负
	社会关系网络支持度C₁₂	1=很低；2=较低；3=一般；4=较高；5=很高	0.0293	负
	家庭成员参与社会事务管理程度C₁₃	1=无；2=村民小组长；3=合作组织负责人；4=村干部；5=公务员	0.0288	负
	专业技能培训频次C₁₄	1=无；2=1次；3=2~3次；4=4~5次；5=5次以上	0.0310	负
生态脆弱性（0.1183)B₄	保护野生动植物资源意识程度C₁₅	1=经常打猎和私自砍伐；2=经常打猎或私自砍伐；3=偶尔打猎和私自砍伐；4=偶尔打猎或私自砍伐；5=从不打猎和私自砍伐	0.0258	负
	房前屋后环境状况C₁₆	1=很差；2=较差；3=一般；4=较好；5=很好	0.0254	负
	生活垃圾处理环保度C₁₇	1=随便丢弃；2=就地焚烧；3=就地填埋；4=垃圾未分类，政府集中处理；5=垃圾分类，政府集中处理	0.0247	负
	人和家畜粪便处理的环境影响度C₁₈	1 =无化粪池，随意排放；2=无化粪池，部分粪便作为肥料；3=无化粪池，全部粪便作为肥料；4=有化粪池，自己处理；5 =有化粪池，集中处理	0.0230	负
	平均每 hm²地化肥用量C₁₉	1=751 kg 以上；3=451~750 kg；5=450 kg 以下	0.0210	正
经济脆弱性（0.1008)B₅	旅游年收入C₂₀	1=0.50万元以下；2=0.51~1.00万元；3=1.01~2.00万元；4=2.01~3.00万元；5=3.01万元以上	0.0201	负
	乡村旅游投入资金C₂₁	1=0.50万元以下；2=0.51~1.00万元；3=1.01~2.00万元；4=2.01~3.00万元；5=3.01万元以上	0.0193	负
	提供旅游产品或服务项目种类C₂₂	1= 0~1种；2=2种；3= 3种；4= 4种；5=5种	0.0189	负
	土地投入旅游发展类型数量C₂₃	1=0~1种；2=2种；3=3种；4=4种；5=5种	0.0177	负
文化脆弱性（0.0768)B₆	传统饮食习俗保留程度C₂₄	1=无保留；2=不完整；3=一般；4=较完整；5=完整	0.0158	负
	民族服饰穿戴频次C₂₅	1=不穿；2=很少穿；3=节庆活动穿；4=经常穿；5=一直穿	0.0156	负
	传统工具保留程度C₂₆	1=很差；2=较差；3=一般；4=较好；5=很好	0.0142	负
	传统民俗传承程度C₂₇	1=很差；2=较差；3=一般；4=较好；5=很好	0.0138	负
	传统建筑保存程度C₂₈	1=很差；2=较差；3=一般；4=较好；5=很好	0.0130	负
心理脆弱性（0.0733) B₇	对本村旅游发展自信度C₂₉	1=非常不自信；2=不自信；3=一般；4=较自信；5=非常自信	0.0119	负
	乡村旅游接待意愿程度C₃₀	1=非常不愿意；2=不愿意；3=一般；4=较愿意；5=非常愿意	0.0106	负
	对村干部、能人（大户）信任度C₃₁	1=非常不信任；2=不信任；3=一般；4=较信任；5=非常信任	0.0095	负
	旅游危机处理意识程度C₃₂	1=很弱；2=较弱；3=一般；4=较强；5=很强	0.0071	负

表 1

表 2

图 2

图 3

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类型	聚类Ⅰ	聚类Ⅱ	聚类Ⅲ	聚类Ⅳ	聚类Ⅴ
人力素质因子	2.46	3.09	3.76	2.86	3.58
政策制度因子	1.63	2.20	2.62	1.84	2.70
社会网络因子	2.85	3.56	3.99	2.54	4.16
生态环境因子	2.27	2.42	2.79	1.68	3.02
生计资本因子	3.08	2.77	3.32	2.08	3.96
民俗文化因子	2.49	1.88	2.31	1.58	3.04
农户认知因子	2.71	1.74	2.48	1.96	3.53