当前国内对激进地理学的研究相当有限。从方法论角度,通过选取激进地理学的代表作《异端的传统》为案例,在分析其背景的基础上,从激进地理学的理论、实践以及它与马克思主义的关系等方面总结和提炼了激进地理学的发展历程与要点,评价了该文的方法论涵义,并总结了它对中国地理学方法论研究的启示。该案例剖析表明,激进地理学是资本主义危机和实证主义地理学存在内在缺陷的背景下产生;其理论前提在于地理学家固有的种族-阶级属性使地理学成为科学实证和文化属性相结合的产物;激进地理学家主要通过创办刊物、建立团体、开展运动树立了激进主义学派,使它由"异端"成为传统;马克思主义是多数激进地理学家的理论选择;批判和自我批判基础上的重构可能是当今和未来地理学方法论创新的主要途径。中国应该积极开展激进地理学和马克思主义地理学的理论研究和实践活动。
Little work has been done about radical geography and Marxist geography until now in China. Particularly thinking of China as a country which regards Marxism as guidelines and asserts it is the main or almost only correct ideology, we should not ignore and forget to know and understand the theories and practices of radical geography and Marxist geography. For this reason, this paper tries to introduce a representative figure, James Blaut and review his opinions and methods in the area of radical geography for Chinese geographers. In terms of method, case study is an important method for methodological research. According to choosing "The Dissenting Tradition", a classical paper in the history of radical geography written by James Blaut as the case, we analyzed and extended its meanings. Firstly, James Blaut is "the most exemplary" Marxist geographer as David Harvey ever appraised. As a Marxist, he is so full of the critical spirit that he really conforms to one of the most important criterion and principle that Marx put forward, which is "for a ruthless criticism of everything existing". Secondly, in the light of the paper by Blaut, we restated the theories and practice of radical geography, and summarized its main points and the meanings on the geographical methodology. Finally, at the same time of studying his opinions and contents, we should see and admire his courage and spirit to hold on a ruthless criticism of everything including himself all the time. Based on understanding exactly what Blaut and his paper wants to express, we can conclude that: ① radical geography is the product of the interaction between the capitalist crisis and the defective positivism geography; ② geography is not ever a "pure and objective" discipline holding neutrality of value, and geographers are under the jurisdiction of their race-class identity; ③ radical geography is founded mainly by starting publications, establishing the groups and a campaign to spread the radical thought, and most radical geographers finally become Marxists.Maybe it is the most inspirational for us that the theoretical reconstruction based on criticism and self-criticism is the main means of innovating geographical methodology. China should actively carry out theoretical research and practical activities of the radical and Marxist geography.
[1] 叶 超,蔡运龙.地理学方法论变革的案例剖析——重新审视《地理学中的例外论》之争[J].地理学报,2009, 64(9):1134~1142.
[2] Blaut J. The dissenting tradition [J]. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1979, 69(1):157-164.
[3] 顾朝林,于涛方,李 平,等.人文地理学流派[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008, 33~49.
[4] 约翰斯顿 R J.地理学与地理学家[M]. 唐晓峰译.北京:商务印书馆,1999,296~373.
[5] 理查德·皮特.现代地理学思想[M].周尚意译.北京:商务印书馆,2007,76~127.
[6] 杰弗里·马丁. 所有可能的世界: 地理学思想史(第4版) [M]. 成一农,王雪梅译.上海:上海人民出版社, 2008, 667.
[7] Mathewson K, Stea D. James M Blaut (1927-2000)[J]. Annal of the Association of American Geographers, 2003, 93(1):214-222.
[8] 詹姆斯·布劳特.殖民者的世界模式:地理传播主义和欧洲中心主义史观[M].谭荣根译.北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2002,3.
[9] Blaut J. Geographic models of imperialism [J]. Antipode, 1970, 2(1):65–85.
[10] Blaut J. Where was capitalism boin?[J]. Antipode, 1976, 8(2):1-11.
[11] Blaut J. The National Question: Decolonizing the Theory of Nationalism[M]. London: led books Broten, 1987.
[12] Blaut J. Eight Eurocentric Historians[M]. NewYork: Guilford Press, 2000.
[13] Mathewson K, Wisner B. Introduction: The geographical and political vision of J M Blaut [J].Antipode, 2005, 37(5): 900–910.
[14] Sheppard E. Jim Blaut's model of the world [J]. Antipode, 2005, 37(5): 956–962.
[15] Peet R. From eurocentrism to americentrism [J].Antipode, 2005, 37(5): 936–943.
[16] Harvey D. For a ruthless criticism of everything Existing’: Jim Blaut’s contribution to geographical knowledge [J].Antipode, 2005, 37(5): 927–935.
[17] Harvey D. Spaces of capital: towards a critical geography [M]. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001.
[18] 保罗·克罗瓦尔.郑胜华,刘德美译.地理学思想史[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007:197~198.
[19] Pattison W. The four traditions of geography [J]. Journal of Geography, 1964, 63: 211-16.
[20] Horvath R. The detroit geographical expedition and institute experience [J]. Antipode, 1971, 3: 73-85.
[21] Quaini M. Geography and Marxism [M]. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982,154-160.
[22] King R. Marxist and Radical geographical literature in English: an introduction . In Quaini M. Geography and Marxism . Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1982, 175.
[23] 约翰斯顿.人文地理学词典[M].柴彦威,译.北京:商务印书馆,1999,576.
[24] 马克思,恩格斯.马克思恩格斯选集(第1卷) [M].北京:人民出版社,1995,57.
