宏观上将北京作为一个整体,借助于空间错位指数,研究1982、1990和2000年不同地域范围的空间错位情况;微观上,利用调查问卷数据分析边缘区居民通勤的时间、距离、方式及费用。研究发现,宏观上,北京市不同地域范围的空间错位指数及其变化是不同的,北京市20世纪90年代之前空间错位不明显,1982和1990年的空间错位指数(SMI)分别是3.13和1.98,此后以年均增长1.48个点的速度达到2000年的16.81;中心城区三年的SMI非常低且随时间缓慢增长,2000年时仍小于1;城八区的SMI在20年来不断增大且加速发展;同时就业远离居民、居民追逐就业,空间错位的强度取决于两者作用的强弱。微观研究发现,居民就地或就近就业的比例较低,超过50%的通勤者通勤距离在10~40km之间且每天通勤时间超过1h,通勤方式以公交、地铁和私家车为主,通勤距离和时间的增长并没有带来费用的相应增长,50%的通勤者每月通勤费用在100元以下。居住与就业的空间错位,导致通勤给居民带来的经济上的压力很小,长时间通勤带来的时间消耗及由此引起的精神消耗才是最主要的。

researchers of America have been studying the spatial mismatch between housing and employment for more than thirty years. However, it is just begining in China. Along with the urbanization and suburbanization of China, the spatial mismatch has already appeared in some big cities in China, such as Beijing and Shanghai. Although the essential of the spatial mismatch is uniform, the reason, the form and the exhibition of the spatial mismatch are different compared to overseas research. This paper makes both a macroscopical and a microcosmic analysis on the spatial mismatch between housing and employment in Beijing. On the macroscopical level, this paper makes Beijing as a whole and analyses the spatial mismatch in different area in virtue of spatial mismatch index(SMI) in 1982, 1990 and 2000; On the microcosmic level, this paper uses questionnaire to study the time, distance, manner and cost of commute of urban fringe inhabitant. It was found that, on the macroscopical level, the SMIs of different regions in Beijing are different, and so are their changes. The phenomenon is not evident before 1990, the SMIs of 1982 and 1990 are respectively 3.13 and 1.98, from then on it grows faster to 16.81 in 2000 by the rate of 1.48 point every year. The SMIs of the center of the city are low, also grow smoothly and slowly still less than 1 in 2000. The SMIs of the eight regions grow faster in the twenty years, and the rate of the 1990s is about eight times as many as of the 1980s. Meanwhile, a trend was found that the employment keeps away from the resident, while the resident runs for the employment, and the intensity of the spatial mismatch lies on which is much stronger. If the action of the employment is much stronger, then the employment runs away from the residential area, and the spatial mismatch will be strengthened. Otherwise, if the action of population movement is much stronger, people runs for the employment, and the spatial mismatch will be lightened. On the microcosmic level, the research found that the proportion of commuter works locally and handly is very low. While more than half of the commuters travel from 10 to 40 km everyday, it cost more than one hour, and the manners of traffic are mostly bus, subway and private car. The growth of distance and time does not accordingly bring the growth of the cost, the cost of about half of the commuters is less than100 yuan (RMB). The spatial mismatch brings little economic pressure, however, it brings long-time cost and spirit-consume along that. The spatial mismatch between housing and employment in Beijing has brought forth a series of problems, except for what we mentioned. Hereinbefore, there still exists a lot questions, such as seeing a doctor and children’s education, they are also segregated from information and employment chances away from the center of the city. Community polarization already exists, community space polarization appears, so it is very important to study the mismatch problem in this background.