采取社会资本的研究视角,以安徽省南部世界文化遗产地西递村旅游发展与社会经济变迁的基本事实为案例,主要提出了一种对乡村外出劳动力向原社区回流并参与非农产业生产现象的社会经济解释。研究发现:① 社区按年向有本社区户口的普通社区成员提供总收入相当比例的稳定收入,是吸引外出劳动力回流的重要原因;② 社会资本和社会关系网络的效力在社区的空间范围之内才能得到发挥,是社区精英人物及与其有亲密关系的社区成员留守或回流的原因。
This paper offers a critical review of the popular economic models on labor force migration, and return migration and points out the main theoretical and technical problems when practicing these models in the real world. Conversely, this paper chooses a social capital perspective to outline a socio-economic explanation for the behavior of rural returnees and their participation in non-agricultural industry, based on a case study in Xidi Village of southern Anhui Province, China. It concludes with two elemental findings: 1) returnees in this village returned because they could get paid annually and steadily as a local hukouholder; 2) community elites and their intimate relations returned or stayed because their social capital or social network could only take effect inside the community boundaries.
[1] 农民流动与乡村发展课题组. 农民工回流与乡村发展: 对山东省桓台县10村737名回乡农民工的调查[J]. 中国农村经济,1999,10: 63-67.
[2] 黄平,E.克莱尔. 对农业的促进或冲击: 中国农民外出务工的村级研究[J]. 社会学研究,1998,3: 71-82.
[3] 李实. 中国农村劳动力流动与收入增长和分配[J]. 中国社会科学,1999,2: 19-33
[4] Ravenstein E G. The Laws of Migration[J]. Journal of the Statistical Society of London,1885,48(2): 167-235.
[5] Gmelch G. Return Migration[J]. Annual Review of Anthropology,1980,9: 135-159.
[6] Zhao Y. Causes and Consequences of Return Migration: Recent Evidence from China. Working Paper (No.E2001010),China Center for Economic Research,Beijing University,2001.
[7] 王西玉,崔传义,赵阳. 打工与回乡: 就业转变和农村发展. 管理世界,2003,7: 99-109.
[8] King R,Mortimer J,Strachan A. Return Migration and Tertiary Development: A Calabrian Case-Study[J]. Anthropological Quarterly,1984,57(3): 112-124.
[9] Vanderkamp J. Migration Flows,Their Determinants and the Effects of Return Migration[J]. The Journal of Political Economy,1971,79(5): 1012-1031.
[10] Lindstrom D P. Economic Opportunity in Mexico and Return Migration from the United States[J]. Demography,1996,33(3): 357-374.
[11] DaVanzo J. Differences between Return and Nonreturn Migration: An Econometric Analysis[J]. International Migration Review,1976,10(1): 13-27..
[12] Dustmann C. Return migration,uncertainty and precautionary savings[J]. Journal of Development Economics,1995,52: 295-316.
[13] Dustmann C. Return migration,wage differentials,and the optimal migration duration[J]. European Economic Review,2003,47: 353-369.
[14] Lee E S. A Theory of Migration[J]. Demography,1966,3(1): 47-57.
[15] Stark O, Taylor J E. Migration Incentives,Migration Types: The Role of Relative Deprivation[J]. The Economic Journal,1991,101: 1163-1178.
[16] Stark O, Taylor J E. Relative deprivation and international migration[J]. Demography,1989,26(1): 1-14.
[17] Cassarino J-P. Theorising Return Migration: a revisited conceptual approach to return migrants. European University Institute Working Paper,2004,RSCAS No.2004/02.
[18] 程春庭. 重视"返乡创业",增强县域经济整体发展能力[J]. 中国农村经济,2001,4: 68~72.
[19] 邱海盈. 农村劳动力回流与劳动力密集型产业的开发[J]. 人口学刊,2001,3: 52~55.
[20] 刘光明,宋洪远. 外出劳动力回乡创业: 特征,动因及其影响[J]. 中国农村经济,2002,3: 65~71.
[21] Wang W, Fan C. Success or failure: selectivity and reasons of return migration in Sichuan and Anhui,China[J]. Environment and Planning,2006,38: 939-958.
[22] Murphy R. Return migrant entrepreneurs and economic diversification in two counties in South Jiangxi,China[J]. Journal of International Development,1999,11: 661-672.
[23] 吴德华,冯欣. 南康市打工返乡人员再就业之对策[J]. 江西社会科学,1997,12: 101.
[24] 商艳冬. 湖北省民工回流的调查与思考[J]. 中南财经政法大学学报,2006,3: 137~139.
[25] 范国忠,冯久先,代祥,等. 对农村劳动力回流的分析[J]. 中国统计,1998,11: 29-30,34.
[26] 林斐. 对90年代回流农村劳动力创业行为的实证研究[J]. 人口与经济,2004,2: 50~54.
[27] 白南生,何宇鹏. 回乡,还是外出? 安徽四川二省农村外出劳动力回流研究[J]. 社会学研究,2002,3: 64~78.
[28] 王晓毅. 村庄内外: 温州宜一村调查[J]. 社会学研究,2000,5: 89~99.
[29] 胡斌. 农村劳动力流动动机及其决策行为: 兼析外出与不外出打工劳动力收入逆差的形成[J]. 经济研究,1996,9: 62~69.
[30] 胡必亮. 关系共同体[M]. 北京: 人民出版社,2005. 28~29.
[31] 何景熙. 不充分就业及其社会影响: 成都平原及周边地区农村劳动力利用研究[J]. 中国社会科学,1999,2: 34~50.
[32] 黄宗智.长江三角洲小农家庭与乡村发展[M]. 北京: 中华书局,2000. 315~317.
[33] 朱农. 离土还是离乡: 中国农村劳动力地域流动和职业流动的关系分析[J]. 世界经济文汇,2004,1: 53~63.
[34] 文军. 从生存理性到社会理性选择: 当代中国农民外出就业动因的社会学分析[J]. 社会学研究,2001,6: 19~30.
[35] 折晓叶,陈婴婴. 社区的实践: "超级村庄"的发展历程[M]. 杭州: 浙江人民出版社,2000. 92.
[36] 折晓叶. 农民再合作的制度体系和社区基础: 对南部中国一个超级村庄的实地考察[J]. 中国社会科学季刊,1996,夏季卷: 16
[37] 彭希哲. 区域发展、乡镇企业与社会保障[M]. 上海: 百家出版社,2000. 170~171.
[38] 蓝宇蕴. 都市里的村庄[M]. 北京: 三联书店,2005.
[39] 刘倩. 市场因素下的"共产主义小社区": 对中部中国一个村庄社会结构变革的实证研究[J]. 社会学研究,1997,5: 60~68.
[40] 费孝通. 乡土中国·生育制度[M]. 北京: 北京大学出版社,2005.
[41] 周怡. 村庄的家族政治: 权威、利益与秩序——华西村个案研究. 黄宗智,主编. 中国乡村研究(第三辑). 北京: 社会科学文献出版社,2005.