世界遗产视野下的矿业遗产研究
作者简介:戴湘毅(1982-),男,湖南邵阳人,博士研究生,主要从事世界遗产和旅游发展研究。E-mail:realnae@gmail.com
收稿日期: 2011-02-06
要求修回日期: 2011-10-30
网络出版日期: 2012-01-20
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(40971086)资助
Mining Heritages in the Perspective of World Heritage
Received date: 2011-02-06
Request revised date: 2011-10-30
Online published: 2012-01-20
Copyright
对世界遗产名录中矿业遗产的考察是认识该遗产类型、了解国际动向的有效途径。对ICOMOS颁布的《世界遗产中工业和技术遗产项目》名单进行分析,结合世界遗产委员会的项目评语,确定了24项世界矿业遗产。对这些项目研究表明:在登录标准上,世界矿业遗产主要通过文化遗产第ii项、第iii项和第iv项标准入选;在隶属区域上,欧洲北美地区拥有16项,拉丁美洲及加勒比地区拥有7项,亚太地区拥有1项,非洲地区和阿拉伯地区目前尚未拥有;在时间分布上,世界矿业遗产的时间跨度较大,单个项目的延续时间较长,主要表现了16~20世纪期间矿业发展取得的成就;在属性特征上,金属矿业遗产项目占据优势,矿业城镇和相关建筑是项目的主要形式。研究还揭示出,世界矿业遗产在价值评价中体现了以欧洲为中心的遗产话语,即认为只有在历史上与欧洲存在联系、体现欧洲艺术和建筑风格、在欧洲重要历史时期和事件上起到重要作用的矿业遗产才具有“突出的普遍价值”。在“全球战略”的背景下,研究认为中国矿业遗产具有当前世界矿业遗产项目所没有的特点,并探讨了在这种背景下的应对策略。
戴湘毅 , 阙维民 . 世界遗产视野下的矿业遗产研究[J]. 地理科学, 2012 , 32(1) : 31 -38 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2012.01.31
Analyzing mining heritages on the World Heritage List is an effective way to learn this type of heritage and understand the international trends in heritage conservation. This study extracts 24 mining heritages by analyzing "Industrial and technical heritage in the World Heritage List" issued by ICOMOS and brief description of heritage sites announced by World Heritage Committee. Results of the analysis indicate: 1) Most of mining heritages are inscribed into the World Heritage List according to the Cultural Criteria ii, iii and iv; 2) The imbalance on spatial distribution of mining heritages is more serious than that on World Heritage List in the whole. Europe and North America have 16 items; Latin America and Caribbean have 7 items; Asia-Pacific has 1 item; Africa and Arab States has not yet got mining heritage on the World Heritage List; 3) Mining heritages on the World Heritage List have been selected from a long time span and most properties have long production history. These mining heritages mainly reflect the information and history of mining between 16th century A D to 20th century A D, and mining heritages formed before 9th century A D are ignored; 4) Heritages related with metal mining have occupied the majority of mining heritages on the World Heritage List and mining heritage towns and architectures are the main form of these mining heritages. These results reveal that the Euro-centric heritage discourse is prevalent in the process of valuing mining heritages when they are submitted for inclusion in the World Heritage List, which has led to the imbalance of mining heritages in the World Heritage List. Those suggests that heritages with outstanding universal significance should be associated with properties having connections with Europe in history, presenting the characteristics of European arts and architecture styles, and illustrating significant stages or (and) events in European history. It has also undervalued the mining heritages in some non-European cultural regions when this Euro-centric heritage discourse is viewed as the advanced experience in the international level and accepted without reservation. Realizing the problem of Euro-centralism in the world heritage affairs, the World Heritage Committee put forward the "Global Strategy" in 1994. In addition, this study points out that China is abundant in its mining heritages from the perspective of officially protected site/entity announced by governments at all levels, but until now China has no mining heritage on the World Heritage List. With the background of the global strategy of world heritage and the diversification of heritage discourse in the international level, this study puts forward some measures for Chinese mining heritages, such as strengthening the theoretic research and building suitable heritage discourses from Chinese actual conditions; conserving mining heritages relying on Chinese officially protected site/entity; launching special mining heritage programs and enhancing public awareness.
Key words: world heritage; mining heritage; heritage discourse; Europe; China
Table 1 Mining heritages on the World Heritage List表1 世界遗产名录中的矿业遗产项目 |
年份 | 编号 | 洲际 | 成员国 | 项目名称(英文名称) | 入选标准 | 主要时期 | 矿产类型 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1978 | 32 | 欧洲 | 波兰 | 维利奇卡盐矿(Wieliczka Salt Mine) | (iv) | 13世纪至今 | 盐 |
1980 | 124 | 拉美 | 巴西 | 欧鲁普雷图历史名镇(Historic Town of Ouro Preto) | (i)(iii) | 17 ~19世纪 | 金 |
55 | 欧洲 | 挪威 | 勒罗斯矿城(Røros Mining Town) | (iii)(iv)(v) | 17~20世纪 | 铜 | |
1982 (2009年扩展) | 203 | 欧洲 | 法国 | 从萨兰莱班大盐场到通过露天晒盐池生产盐的阿尔克—塞南的皇家盐场,熬盐的生产(From the Great Saltworks of Salins-les-Bains to the Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans, the production of open-pan salt) | (i)(ii)(iv) | 18~19世纪 | 盐 |
1986 | 371 | 欧洲 | 英国 | 乔治铁桥区(Ironbridge Gorge) | (i)(ii)(iv)(vi) | 18~19世纪 | 铁、煤 |
1987 | 420 | 拉美 | 玻利维亚 | 波托西城(City of Potosi) | (ii)(iv)(vi) | 16~19世纪 | 银 |
1988 | 482 | 拉美 | 墨西哥 | 瓜纳托历史名城及周围矿藏(Historic Town of Guanajuato and Adjacent Mines) | (i)(ii)(iv)(vi) | 16~19世纪 | 银 |
1992 (2010年扩展) | 623 | 欧洲 | 德国 | 赖迈尔斯堡矿场、戈斯拉尔古城及上哈尔茨山的水资源管理系统(Mines of Rammelsberg,Historic Town of Goslar and Upper Harz Water Management System) | (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) | 10~19世纪 | 银、铅、 锡、铜 |
1993 | 676 | 拉美 | 墨西哥 | 萨卡特卡斯历史中心(Historic Centre of Zacatecas) | (ii)(iv) | 16~20世纪 | 银 |
618 | 欧洲 | 斯洛伐克 | 历史名城班斯卡–什佳夫尼察及其工程建筑区(Historic Town of Banská Štiavnica and the Technical Monuments in its Vicinity) | (iv)(v) | 9~19世纪 | 银、金 | |
556 | 欧洲 | 瑞典 | 恩格尔斯堡铁矿工场(Engelsberg Ironworks) | (iv) | 17~20世纪 | 铁 | |
1994 | 687 | 欧洲 | 德国 | 弗尔克林根钢铁厂(Völklingen Ironworks) | (ii)(iv) | 19~20世纪 | 铁 |
1995 | 732 | 欧洲 | 捷克 | 库特纳霍拉历史名城中心的圣巴拉巴教堂及塞德莱茨的圣母玛利亚大教堂(Kutná Hora: Historical Town Centre with the Church of St Barbara and the Cathedral of Our Lady at Sedlec) | (ii)(iv) | 10~16世纪 | 银 |
1997 | 806 | 欧洲 | 奥地利 | 哈尔施塔特–达特施泰因萨尔茨卡默古特文化景观(Hallstatt-Dachstein / Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape) | (iii)(iv) | 前20~20世纪 | 盐 |
803 | 欧洲 | 西班牙 | 拉斯梅德拉斯(Las Médulas) | (i)(ii)(iii)(iv) | 1~3世纪 | 金 | |
2000 | 1006 | 欧洲 | 比利时 | 斯皮耶纳新石器时代的燧石矿(Neolithic Flint Mines at Spiennes (Mons)) | (i)(iii)(iv) | 新石器时代~ 新石器时代 | 燧石 (石材) |
984 | 欧洲 | 英国 | 卡莱纳冯工业区景观(Blaenavon Industrial Landscape) | (iii)(iv) | 17~20世纪 | 煤、铁、石材 | |
2001 | 975 | 欧洲 | 德国 | 埃森的关税同盟煤矿工业区(Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Essen) | (ii)(iii) | 19~20世纪 | 煤 |
1027 | 欧洲 | 瑞典 | 法伦的大铜山采矿区(Mining Area of the Great Copper Mountain in Falun) | (ii)(iii)(v) | 13~17世纪 | 铜 | |
2005 | 95 | 拉美 | 智利 | 亨伯斯通和圣劳拉硝石采石场(Humberstone and Santa Laura Saltpeter Works) | (ii)(iii)(iv) | 19~20世纪 | 硝石 |
2006 | 1214 | 拉美 | 智利 | 塞维尔铜矿城(Sewell Mining Town) | (ii) | 20~20世纪 | 铜 |
1215 | 欧洲 | 英国 | 康沃尔和西德文矿区景观(Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape) | (ii)(iii)(iv) | 18~20世纪 | 锡、铜、 砷 | |
2007 | 1246 | 亚洲 | 日本 | 石见银山遗迹及其文化景观(Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine and its Cultural Landscape) | (ii)(iii)(v) | 16~20世纪 | 银 |
2010 | 1351 | 拉美 | 墨西哥 | 皇家内陆大干线(Camino Real de Tierra Adentro) | (ii)(iv) | 16~19世纪 | 银、汞 |
Table 2 Adopted criteria of inscribed mining heritages on the World Heritage List表2 世界遗产名录中矿业遗产的登录标准分析 |
标准 | 采用该标准登录的 矿业遗产数 | 占矿业遗产总数的 比重(%) | 采用该标准登录的 文化遗产数 | 占文化遗产总数的 比重(%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
(i) | 7 | 29.17 | 234 | 33.24 |
(ii) | 15 | 62.50 | 370 | 52.56 |
(iii) | 11 | 45.83 | 371 | 52.70 |
(iv) | 19 | 79.17 | 494 | 70.17 |
(v) | 4 | 16.67 | 114 | 16.19 |
(vi) | 3 | 12.50 | 200 | 28.41 |
Table 3 Regional distribution of inscribed mining heritages on the World Heritage List表3 世界遗产名录中矿业遗产的区域分布分析 |
区域 | 国家数 | 矿业遗产项目 | 世界遗产项目 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
总数 | 每个国家的平均数 | 占总数比重(%) | 总数 | 每个国家的平均数 | 占总数比重(%) | ||
AF | 30 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 78 | 2.60 | 8.56 |
AR | 15 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 66 | 4.40 | 7.24 |
AP | 31 | 1 | 0.03 | 4.17 | 198* | 6.39 | 21.73 |
EN | 50 | 16 | 0.32 | 66.67 | 445 | 8.90 | 48.84 |
LC | 25 | 7 | 0.28 | 29.17 | 124 | 4.96 | 13.61 |
总数 | 151 | 24 | 0.16 | 100 | 911 | 6.03 | 100 |
注:AF=非洲地区;AR=阿拉伯地区;AP=亚洲太平洋地区;EN=欧洲北美地区;LC=拉丁美洲及加勒比地区。其中乌布苏湖盆地(Uvs Nuur Basin)是跨洲际遗产,为蒙古和俄罗斯共同所有,此处计入AP(亚洲太平洋地区)。 |
Fig. 1 Comparison of the number of centuries concerning mining heritages on the World Heritage List图1 世界遗产名录中矿业遗产涉及世纪的数量比较 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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