城市的空间发展中一直同时存在着向心集聚和离心扩散两个过程,郊区化是城市中心区离心扩散力量超过向心集聚力量的一种空间表现形式,能有效缓解大城市因规模扩大而带来的人口密集、交通拥挤等现象;但同时也会产生土地资源浪费、生态环境破坏、阶层分化隔离以及内城衰退等负面影响。美国的城市郊区化现象最为典型,在应对郊区化问题,如怎样有序的建设和管理以及处理好建设和保护的关系等方面积累了丰富的经验。然而,由于土地所有制和城市化阶段的不同,中国与西方发达国家的郊区化呈现出不同特点。中国目前正处于快速城市化时期,由于GDP导向下的城市空间跨越式发展使得一些大城市已出现郊区化现象,导致"外溢—回波"效应突出等问题。通过对中﹑美城市郊区化现象进行比较分析,同时借鉴美国在有效发挥郊区化作用和解决郊区化造成的问题方面的先进经验,并基于城市节约增长的视角,研究如何提高城市空间增长的效率,希望在先进理念、管理技术以及协调政府和市场职能作用方面对城市发展做出有效的把握和引导。
There has been always centralizing and centrifugal forces during the urban spatial development processes.Suburbanization is a centrifugal process of urbanization that the centre centrifugal diffusion power is over the centripetal agglomeration.This phenomenon can not only effectively relieve the problems caused by urban expansion, such as high population density and traffic congestion, but also bring some negative effects, like a waste of land resources, the damage of ecological environment, the isolation of class differentiation and the recession of inner city.The United States is one of the most typical countries with suburbanization and has a wealth of experience in dealing with the problems caused by suburbanization, such as how to keep construction and management in good order and handle the relationship between construction and protection.However, because of the different land ownership and urbanization stages between China and western developed countries, the suburbanization phenomenon presents different characteristics.China is in the period of rapid urbanization.Due to the GDP-oriented during the great-leap-forward of urban spatial development, suburbanization has appeared in some well-developed cities, which cause "Spillover-Echo" problem, for example, people in new city cannot achieve on-site job, while the central city is too crowded.In this paper, the suburbanization in the United States and China are compared in details.And methods of enhancing the efficiency of urban spatial growth are proposed from the perspective of efficient growth to guide the city development in China.Learning from advanced experiences of the United States in both effectively making use of suburbanization function and solving the problems caused by suburbanization, and from the perspective of urban efficient growth, it is tried to study how to improve the efficiency of urban spatial growth, and make an effective guidance in growth idea, management technique and the coordinating of the government and the market function of urban development.
[1] 周春山.城市空间结构与形态[M].北京:科学出版社,2007.
[2] Howard E.Garden Cities of Tomorrow[M].London:S.Sonne- nschein&Co.,Ltd.,2008.
[3] Wright F.Broad acre city,1932-1959.http://pontilly- 2007.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/broadacrecity.pdf.
[4] Jacobs J.The Death and life of great American cities[M].New York:Vintage Books,1992.
[5] Corbusier L.Toward an Architecture[M].Los Angeles:Getty publications,2007.
[6] 王 旭.美国城市历史[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2000.
[7] Gottman J.Megalopolis:The Urbanization of the Northeastern Seaboard of the United States[M].Cambridge:The M.I.T Press,1961.
[8] Berlin C.Sprawl comes to the American heartland[J].Focus on Geography,2002,46:2-10.
[9] Kenneth J.Urban Deconcentration in the Nineteenth Century:A statistical Inquiry[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1975.
[10] Alberti M.Urban patterns and environmental performance:What do we know?[J].Journal of Planning Education and Research,1999,19:151-163.
[11] 孙群郎.美国大都市区的阶级和种族隔离与开放郊区运动[J].东北师大学报(哲学社会科学版),2004,(4):5~12.
[12] 胡锦山.美国中心城市的"隔都化"与黑人社会问题[J].厦门大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2007,(2):121~128.
[13] Jackson K.Crabgrass Frontier:The Suburbanization of the United States[M].New York:Oxford University Press,1985.
[14] Jon T.Post-suburbia:Government and Politics in the Edge Cities[M].Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press,1997.
[15] Hall P.Lesson from a magnificent failure[J].Town & Country Planning,2000,69(6):180-181.
[16] Willams K,Burton E,Jenks M.Achieving Sustainable Urban Form[M].New York:Spon Press,2001.
[17] Katz P.The New Urbanism:Toward an Architecture of Community[M].New York:McGraw-Hill Inc.,1994.
[18] Smart growth online.Why smart growth?[OL].http://www.smartgrowth.org/why.php.
[19] Garreau J.Edge city:life on the new frontier[J].American Demography,1991,(9):24-31.
[20] Kaid B,Jutka T,Nancy V.Solving Sprawl:Models of Smart Growth in Communities Across America[M].New York:Natural Resources Defense Council,2001:137-138.
[21] Downs A,Costa F.Smart growth comment:An ambitious movement and its prospects for success[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,2005,71(4):367-378.
[22] Capello R.Urban returns to scale and environmental externalities in an urban production function[J].International Journal of Environment and Pollution,1998,10(1):28-45.
[23] 周一星.北京的郊区化及引发的思考[J].地理科学,1996,16(3):198~206.
[24] Zhou Y,Ma L.Economic restructuring and suburbanization in China[J].Urban Geography,2000,21(3):205-236.
[25] William W.Commuting,congestion,and employment dispersal in cities with mixed land use[J].Journal of Urban Economics,2004,55:417-438.
[26] Wu L,Yeh A.Urban spatial structure in a transitional economy:the case of Guangzhou,China[J].Journal of the American Planning Association,1999,65(4):377-394.
[27] 苏建忠,魏清泉,郭恒亮.广州市的蔓延机理与调控[J].地理学报,2005,60(4):626-636.
[28] Paddison R.Handbook of Urban Studies[M].London:SAGE Publication,2001.
[29] 董 爽,袁晓勐.城市蔓延与节约型城市建设[J].规划师,2006,22(5):11~13.
[30] Jabareen Y.Sustainable urban forms:Their typologies,models and concepts[J].Journal of Planning Education and Research,2006,26:38-52.
[31] Ding R,Knaap G,Hopkins L.Managing urban growth with urban growth boundaries:A theoretical analysis[J].Journal of Urban Economics,1999,46:53-68.
[32] 蒋 芳,刘盛和,袁 弘.城市增长管理的政策工具及其效果评价[J].城市规划学刊,2007,(1):33~38.
