通过整理、分析历史文献中的自然植被记录,复原了中国东北地区近代大规模农垦前(17世纪后期)的自然植被格局。结果表明,当时的主导植被类型是森林和草地,森林主要分布于山区,其中大兴安岭北端主要是寒温带落叶针叶林,长白山南端主要是温带落叶阔叶林,其余山区是针阔混交林,草地主要分布于东北平原和内蒙古高原,林-草的分界线与地表等高线有很好的对应关系;在三江平原分布有大面积的沼泽。潜在植被格局与历史自然植被格局基本一致,但是林-草分界线有明显差异,且潜在植被图中没有沼泽。
We collected multiple historical documents including gazettes, government archives, traveling notes and so on, from which the primary natural vegetation information is complied.Using the information, the primary natural vegetation pattern prior to significant agriculture (i.e.late 17th century) was reconstructed.The results show that woodland and grassland were dominant vegetation over the Northeast China in the late 17th century.Woodland occupied the mountain areas, of which the northern of the Da Higgan Mountains was occupied by boreal forest, southern of the Changbai Mountains were covered by temperate broadleaf deciduous forest and the other mountains were occupied by mixed forest.Grassland covered Northeast China Plain and Inner Mongolia Plateau.The boundaries between woodland and grassland were nearly consistent with topography contour lines.Besides, swamp had small area and nearly covered the whole Sanjiang Plain.The macro pattern of historical nature vegetation was similar with the potential natural vegetation; however, the boundaries of woodland and grassland from the two datasets were evidently different and there was no swamp in potential natural vegetation dataset.
[1] LUCC Scientific Steering Committee.Key findings of LUCC on its research questions[J].IGBP Newsletter,2005,63:12-14.
[2] Rober S Thompson R S.BIOME 300:Understanding the impacts of human activities on land cover over the past 300 years[J].IGBP Newsletter,2000,43:2-3.
[3] 葛全胜,何凡能,郑景云,等.20世纪中国历史地理研究若干进展[J].中国历史地理论丛,2005,20(1):5~14.
[4] 方修琦.关于利用历史文献信息进行环境演变研究的几点看法[J].中国历史地理论丛,2007,22(2):153~155.
[5] 文焕然,何业恒.中国森林资源分布的历史概况[J].自然资源,1979,(2):72~85.
[6] 朱士光.历史时期我国东北地区的植被变迁[J].中国历史地理论丛,1992,(4):105~119.
[7] 邓 辉.从自然景观到文化景观:燕山以北农牧交错地带人地关系演变的历史地理学透视[M].北京:商务印书馆,2005.
[8] 韩昭庆.清末西垦对毛乌素沙地的影响[J].地理科学,2006,26(6):728~734.
[9] 方修琦,叶 瑜,葛全胜,等.从城镇体系的演变看清代东北地区的土地开发[J].地理科学,2005,25(3):129~134.
[10] 何凡能,葛全胜,戴君虎,等.近300年来中国森林的变迁[J].地理学报,2007,62(1):30~40.
[11] 景 爱.历史时期东北农业的分布与变迁[J].中国历史地理论丛,1987,(2):95~119.
[12] 李 为,张平宇,宋玉祥.清代东北地区土地开发及其动因分析[J].地理科学,2005,25(1):7~16.
[13] 叶 瑜,方修琦,任玉玉,等.东北地区过去300年耕地覆盖变化[J].中国科学(D辑),2009,39(3):340~350.
[14] 叶 瑜,方修琦,张学珍,等.过去300年东北地区林地和草地覆盖变化[J].中国林业大学学报,2009,31(5):137~144.
[15](清)方拱乾.绝域纪略(又名《宁古塔志》)[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1985.
[16](民国)斐焕星(修),白永真(纂).辽阳县志(中国方志丛书,东北地方,第十二号)[M].台北:成文出版社有限公司印行,1928.
[17](民国)常荫廷(修),胡镜海,张海清(纂).绥化县志[M].黑龙江省图书馆藏,民国十年铅印本.
[18](清)万福麟(监修),(清)张伯英(总纂),崔重庆,等(整理).黑龙江志稿[M].哈尔滨:黑龙江人民出版社,1992.
[19] 王长富.东北近代林业经济史[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1991.
[20] 谭其骧(主编).中国历史地图集(第八册)[M].北京:中国地图出版社,1987.
[21](清)高士奇(纂),陈见微(点校).扈从东巡日录[M].长春:吉林文史出版社,1986:66~131.
[22] 作新社.白山黑水录[M].上海:秀英舍,1902.
[23] 孙 邦(主编).伪满史料丛书-经济掠夺[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1993.
[24] 中国科学院长春地理所沼泽研究室.三江平原自然环境变化与合理开发利用初探[J].地理学报,1981,30(1):33~46.
[25] 薛作标.以辽宁古今县名为例探索地名命名的某些规律[J].中国历史地理论丛,1985,(1):246~268.
[26] 王兆明,高明全.试论吉林省古今县名的特点和规律[J].中国历史地理论丛,1985,(1):269~280.
[27] 张柏忠.元代至民国时期科尔沁沙地的变迁[J].北方文物,1991,(1):76~80.
[28] 王海霞,万忠娟,于少鹏,等.松嫩平原距今150年湿地景观结构重建[J].东北师大学报(自然科学),2004,36(2):75~81.
[29] 张士尊.清代东北南部地区移民与环境变迁[J].鞍山师范学院学报,1999,7(3):23~26.
[30] Forster P,Ramaswamy V,Artaxo P,et al.Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing.Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change[R].Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,United Kingdom and New York,NY,USA.,2007:131-234.
[31] Liu Qi-Jing,Akihiko Kondoh,Nobuo Takeuchi.Study on the Potential Vegetation of North-East China by Biogeoclimatic classification[C].//proceedings of 1999 NIES workshopon information based and modeling for land-use and land-cover changes studies in East Asia.(Eds.)Kuninori Otsubo,1999.
[32] 刘华民.我国东北地区潜在自然植被研究.中国科学院研究生院,2006.
[33] Ni J,Martin T,Sykes I,et al.Modeling the vegetation of China using the process-based equilibrium terrestrial biosphere model BIOME3[J].Global Ecology and Biogeography,2000,9(6):463-479.
[34] Ramankutty N,J Foley J A.Estimating historical changes in global land cover:croplands from 1700 to 1992[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,1999,13(4):997-1027.
