高山林线作为山地郁闭林和高山草甸的分界在山地生态系统中占有重要地位。以往对山地生态的研究远少于对其它类型陆地生态系统的研究,高山林线方面的研究就更为缺乏。讨论了高山林线的概念和内容,对国内外高山林线研究及特点作了简单回顾,指出高山林线的研究意义及在我国开展此项研究的初步方案。
Being a main section of land ecosystem, mountain regions are also synthetical systems of human and nature, which occupy one third of total land area, and can affect lives of half of the world population. As a result of the economic development of mountain regions recently, a lot of places are deteriorated. One muse attention to such areas. As a special region between closed forest and alpine meadow, alpine timberline always plays an important role in mountain ecosystems by being an incentive directive body to changes in such regions. But there were far less studies on alpine regions than on any other kind of ecosystem in the past, especially in China, let alone to find studies on alpine timberline and the relationship between alpine timberline and global climatic change. In order to do further studies on the ecotone between forest and alpine meadow, it is important to know what were done in the past and what is being doing now about it. The main purpose of this paper is to give a review in such a field. Based on the definition given by the former studies, a synthetic understanding is put forward by directing the main features of alpine timberline. It is an ecological ecotone; and the border of closed forest should consist of trees which have symmetric canopy and higher than 2 meters; the appearance of the ecotone is marked by so called krummholz; and the shrubs are not included in this belt. The characteristics of the studies on alpine timberline are forwarded by dividing it into three periods. In a word, the studies focus on different contents during each study period. As in the first period, it was very popular for the authors to describe this ecotone, such as the appearance of the ecotone, the main components of alpine timberline, etc; then the relationship between the alpine timberline and the environment was discussed; during the last period, the studies on alpine timberline are related to global climatic change. The main contents and methods of such studies are discussed inside the paper, including main methods of obtaining proxy data. The studies of alpine regions by Chinese scientists are also put forward. As a result, it is regarded that the importance of such studies is of great value. At last, several schemes of the studies in the field of alpine timberline in China are listed for the first time.
[1] Hustich I.On the forest-tundra and the northern tree lines.Ann.Univ.Turku.,1966,(Ⅱ):36
[2] Larson J A.Ecology of the north continental forest border in Ives J D & Barry R G Arctic And Alpine Environment.Methuon.1974.341～370
[3] Griggs R F.On the behavior of some species on the edges of their ranges.Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club,1914,(41):25～49
[4] Griggs R F.Timberline in the north Rocky Mountains.Ecology,1938,(19):548～564
[5] Griggs R F.The timberline of north America and their interpretation.Ecology,1946,(27):275～289
[6] Wardle P.Engelmanne Spruce at its upper limits on the Front Range.Colorado.Ecology,1968,(49):121～137
[7] Wardle P.Alpine timberline.in Jack D Ives and Roger G Barry (Editors) Arctic and Alpine Environment.Methuon,1974.371～402
[8] Tranquillini W.Physiological Ecology of Alpine Timberline.Springer- Verlag.Berlin.New York,et al.1979.1～12,118～148
[9] Bliss L C.Alpine.in B F Chabot and H A Mooney (Editors).Physiological Ecology in North America Plant Communities.Champan & Hall.New York.U.S.A.,1985.41～65
[10] Holtmeier F K.Ecological Aspects of climatically-caused timberline fluctuations.in Martin Beniston(Editor)Mountain Environment in Changing Climates.Rautledge.London.New York,1994.220～233
[11] Slatyer R O.Dynamics of mountane treelines.in Hanson A J & Casri F D (Editors).Landscape Boundaries-Consequences for Biotic Diversity and Ecological Flows.Springer-Verlag.New York,1992.346～359
[12] Holm H T.Vegetation of the alpine region of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado.National Academy Science Memoirs,1927 (3):1～45
[13] Cox D F.Alpine plant succession on Jams Peak.Colorado.Ecological Monograph,1933,(3):300～372
[14] Daubenmire R.Alpine timberline in the Americas and their interpretation.Bulter Univ.Bot.Stud.,1954,(11):119～136
[15] Barry R G,Ives J D.Introduction.In Jack D Ives and Barry R G (Editors) Arctic and Alpine Environment.Methuon,1974.1～13
[16] Colinvaux P.Ecology.New York:John Wiley & Sons.Inc.,1986.102～120
[17] Troll C.The upper timberline in different climatic zones.Arctic and Alpine Research.1973a,5(3):part 2.A3～A18.
[18] Troll C High-mountain belts between the polar caps and the equator:their definition and lower limit.Arctic and Alpine research.1973b,5(3):part 2.A19～A28.
[19] H 沃尔特(中国科学院植物研究所生态室译).世界植被.北京:科学出版社,1979.268～274
[20] Ohsawa M.An interpretation of forest limit in south and east Asian mountains.Journal of Ecology,1990,(78):326～339
[21] Hadley J L,Smith W K.Influence of wind exposure on needle desiccation and mortality for timberline in Wyoming.U.S.A..Arctic and Alpine Research,1983,(15):127～135
[22] Hadley J L,Smith W K.Wind effect of needles of timberline conifers seasonal influence on mortality.Ecology,1986,67(2): 12～19
[23] Marchant P J,Chabot B F.Winter water relations of tree-line plant species on Mt.Washington.New Hampshire.Arctic and Alpine Research,1978,(10):105～116
[24] Shaw C H.The cause of timberline on mountains.Plant World,1909,(12):169～181
[25] Shankman D.Tree regeneration following fire as evidence of timberline stability in the Colorado Front Range.U.S.A.Arctic and Alpine Research,1984,(16):413～417
[26] Shankman D,Daly C.Forest regeneration above tree limit depressed by fire in the Colorado Front Range.Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club,1988,115(4):272～279
[27] Lloyd A H,Graumlich L J.Holocene dynamics of tree line forest in the Sierra Nevada.Ecology,1997,78(4):1199～1210
[28] Kullman L.Pine tree-limit surveillance during recent decades.Central Sweden.Arctic and Alpine Research,1993,25(1):24～31
[29] Häsler R.Net photosynthesis and transpiration of Pinus montana on east and noth facing slopes at alpine timberline.Oecologia,1982,(54):14～22
[30] Baigs M N,Quanquillini W.The effects of wind and temperature on transpiration of Picea abies and Pinus cembra and their significance in desiccation damage at alpine tree line.Oeclogia,1980,(47):252～256
[31] Marr J W.The development and movement of tree islands near the upper limit of tree growth in the southern Rocky Mountains.Ecology.1977,(58):1159～1164
[32] Amand A D.Sharp and gradual mountain timberlines as a result of species interaction.in Hanson A J.Casri F D (Editors).1992.Landscape Boundaries-Consequences for Biotic Diversity and Ecological Flows.New York:Springer-Verlag.1992.360～378
[33] Weinstein D A.Use of simulation models to evaluate the alteration of ecotones by global carbon dioxide increases.in Hanson A J Casri.F.D (Editors).Landscape Boundaries-Consequences for Biotic Diversity and Ecological Flows.New York:Springer-Verlag,1992.379～393
[34] Klikoff L G.Microevironmental influence on vegetational pattern near timberline in the central Sierra Nevada.Ecological Monograph,1965,35(2):187～212
[35] Zall K.Plant species association in alpine-subnival vegetation patches in the central Caucasus.Journal of Vegetation Science,1993,(4):297～302
[36] 黄锡畴.欧亚大陆温带山地垂直带结构类型.见:1960年全国地理学术会议论文集(自然地理).北京:科学出版社,1962. 67～74
[37] 侯学煜.论中国各植被区山地植被垂直带谱的特征.见:中国植物学会三十周年年会论文摘要汇编.1963.254
[38] 张新时.中国山地植被垂直带的基本生态地理类型.见:植被生态学研究-纪念著名生态学家侯学煜教授.北京:科学出版社,1994.77-92
[39] Fang Jingyun.Vertical vegetation zones along 30°N latitude in humid east Asia.Vegetatio.1996,(126):135～149
[40] 应俊生,李云峰,郭勤峰,等.秦岭太白山地区的植物区系和植被.植物分类学报,1990,28(4):261～293
[41] 朱志诚.太白山顶植被的起源和发展.西北大学学报 (自然科学版),1979,(1):156～169
[42] 朱志诚.秦岭及其以北黄土区植被地带特征.地理科学,1991,11(2):157～164
[43] 钱宏.长白山高山冻原植被.见:森林生态系统研究.1992,(6):72～96
[44] 田连恕.贺兰山东坡植被.呼和浩特:内蒙古大学出版社,1996.27～37
[45] 吴征镒,等.中国植被.北京:科学出版社,1980.159～210, 613～653
[46] 王明业,朱国金,贺振东,等.中国的山地,成都:四川科学技术出版社,1988.20～23
[47] 李文华,冷允法,胡涌.云南横断山区森林植被分布与水热因子相关的定量研究.见:中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队编.青藏高原研究、横断山考察专集.昆明:云南人民出版社,1983.185～204
[48] 徐文铎.吉良的热量指数及其在中国植被中的应用.生态学杂志,1985,4(3); 35～39
[49] 徐文铎.中国东北主要植被类型的分布与气候的关系.植物生态与地植物学学报.1986,10(4):254～263
[50] 童国榜,张俊牌,范淑贤.秦岭太白山顶近千年来的环境变化.海洋地质与第四纪地质,1996,16(4):95～103
[51] Fritts H C.Tree Rings and Climate.London:Academic Press,1976.376～412.534
[52] 吴祥定.树木年轮与气候变化.北京:气象出版社,1990
[53] Mar J W.Ecology of the forest-tundra ecotone.Ecological Monograph,1948,18(1):117～144
[54] Feng Xiahong,Epstein S.Carbon isotopes of trees from arid environments and implications for reconstructing atmospheric CO2 concentration.Geochimic et cosmochimic Acta,1995,59 (12): 2599～2608
[55] 邵雪梅.树轮年代学若干进展.第四纪研究,1997,(3):256～270
[56] 刘洪滨,吴祥定,邵雪梅.采用树轮图象分析方法研究历史时期气候变化的可行性.地理研究,1996,15(2):44～51
[57] [澳]Williams M A J et al.(刘东生等编译).第四纪环境,北京:科学出版社,1997.201～203,255～257
[58] 张新时.中国全球变化样带的设置与研究.第四纪研究,1995,(1):43～52
[59] Pielke R A,T L Lee,T G F Kittel,T N Chase,J M Cram,J S Baron.Effects of mesoscale vegetation distributions in mountainous terrain on local climate,in Martin Beniston(Editor)Mountain Environment in Changing Climates.Rautledge.London.New York,1994.121～135
[60] Bandyopadhyay J et al..1997.Highland water-a resource of global sighnificance.In:Mountains of the World:A Global Priority.Messeri B and Ives.J.D.(Editors) Parthenon.Carnforth.UK.131～155
[61] Kullman L.瑞典斯堪的纳维亚的林线和山地林:气候变化的敏感指示体.Ambio,1998,27(4):312～321(汉译稿)
