中国降雪气候学特征
作者简介:刘玉莲(1974-),女,黑龙江兰西人,硕士,高级工程师,从事区域气候变化研究。E-mail: liuyl74@qq.com
收稿日期: 2011-07-22
要求修回日期: 2011-12-25
网络出版日期: 2012-10-20
基金资助
国家科技支撑计划课题(2007BAC29B02)、水利部公益性行业专项(200801001)、公益性行业科研专项(GYHY201106013、201206024)和中国气象局气候变化专项(CCSF2011-18)资助
Climatology of Snow in China
Received date: 2011-07-22
Request revised date: 2011-12-25
Online published: 2012-10-20
Copyright
利用逐日地面降雪观测资料,分析中国25ºN以北范围内降雪量、降雪日数、雪带分布和各强度降雪的气候学特征,得到以下结论:① 雪季长度与年降雪日数在东部呈纬向分布,大兴安岭北部最长(>210 d),长江以南最短(常年无雪或偶尔降雪);在西部青海省南部和西藏自治区北部最长(>300 d),滇、川、藏交界处及新疆自治区北部较长,南疆较短(<60 d)。年降雪量东南部最少,东北和西北北部较多(>30 mm),青海和西藏降雪量最多(>60 mm)。平均降雪强度江淮一带最大。② 根据雪季降雪频次划分中国的雪带,东北大部、内蒙自治区东部、新疆北部、青藏高原大部、秦岭等地区为常年多雪带;长江以南的滇南、四川盆地、江浙沿海等地区为永久无雪带;其余地区为常年降雪带和偶尔降雪带。③ 不同区域各级降雪日数占总降雪日数的比例都是暴雪日数最少,大雪日数其次,小雪日数最多;但中雪降雪量占总降雪量的比例在东北北部、华北、西北、新疆、东南、青藏高原东部等区域仅高于小雪降雪量,而在黄-淮地区仅次于暴雪降雪量。④ 降雪年内分配在东北北部、西北、新疆、青藏高原东部等地区都呈双峰型,最多雪时节在早冬和晚冬、早春,隆冬时节并不是降雪最多时间,黄-淮和东南地区呈单峰型,东南地区峰值更陡。⑤ 总降雪日数和除暴雪外的各等级降雪日数与地理位置关系较明显,在中国东部主要随着纬度升高增加,在中国西部随海拔高度增加而增加;随着纬度升高,东部和西部的总降雪强度都减小,西部的小雪强度也减小。
刘玉莲 , 任国玉 , 于宏敏 . 中国降雪气候学特征[J]. 地理科学, 2012 , 32(10) : 1176 -1185 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2012.010.1176
:Climatic characteristics of snowfall, snow days, snow belt north of 25°N in China is analyzed using the daily snow observation data. The following results have been obtained in the analysis.1) Snow season length and snow days have the feature of latitudinal distribution in the east, with the Da Hinggan Mountains recording the longest (>210 d) snow season, and no snow or only occasional snow all year round in the south of the Yangtze River. In the west, Qinghai Province has the longest (>300 d) snow season, followed by the junction areas of Yunnan, Sichuan and the Tibet. Snow season length in northern Xinjiang is close to the north of Northeast China. The least snowfall occurs in the southeast, and Northeast and northern Northwest record the higher snowfall more (>30 mm),and Qinghai and Tibet are characterized by the highest snowfall(>60 mm). Maximum snowfall intensity is in the Yangtze-Huaihe region. 2) Snow belts are divided based on snowfall frequency: the Northeast and eastern Inner Mongolia, Northern Xinjiang, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and the Qinling Mountains are snow-frequent belts. Southern Yunnan, Sichuan Basin, coastal areas of Jiangsu and Zhejiang and other areas are permanent snow-free belts.The other areas are snow-ordinary belts and snow-occasional belts. 3) The percentage of snowstorm days to total snow days is generally low in all of the regions. The highest percentage is seen for light snow days to total snow days. In view of the ratio of snowfall of all categories to total snowfall, the proportion of snowstorm witnesses the lowest value, followed by heavy snow, and light snow has the highest value in the north of Northeast, North, Northwest, Xinjiang and eastern Tibet Plateau. However, Southeast China is characterized by lowest value of the ratios for light snow, and the highest value for snowstorm. 4) The double-peak distribution of snowfall within the year is seen in northern Northeast, Northwest, Xinjiang and eastern Tibet Plateau, and the Yellow-Huai River basins and Southeast have a single-peak distribution of snowfall. 5) The total snow days, heavy snow days, medium snow days and light snow days generally increase with increasing latitude in the East of China, meanwhile with increasing altitude in the West; with increasing latitude, the total snowfall intensity has a decreasing trend in both the East and the West, also the small snow intensity in the West.
Key words: snowfall; snow days; snowfall intensity; snowstorm; snow belts; climatology; mainland China
Fig.1 Distribution of the meteorological stations and snowfall regionalization in study area图1 研究区站点分布及降雪气候分区 |
Table 1 Definition of the snowfall indices used in the paper表1 降雪指标定义 |
术语和指标 | 定义 |
---|---|
降雪年 | 从上年7月1日至当年6月30日 |
雪季长度 | 降雪年内第一天和最后一天出现固态降水天气现象日期之间的天数 |
降雪量 | 降雪年内日降雪≥1 mm纯雪的雪量合计 |
降雪日数 | 雪季内出现降雪的日数 |
降雪强度 | 降雪量与降雪日数比值 |
最大降雪量(最大降雪强度) | 雪季内日降雪量最大值 |
暴雪日数和雪量 | 雪季内日(24 h)降雪达到暴雪标准(≥10 mm)的降雪天数与降雪总量 |
暴雪强度 | 雪季内暴雪量与暴雪日数的比值 |
大雪日数和雪量 | 雪季内日(24 h)降雪量>5 mm且<10 mm的降雪天数和降雪总量 |
大雪强度 | 雪季内大雪降雪量与降雪日数的比值 |
中雪日数和雪量 | 雪季中日(24 h)降雪量>2.5 mm且<5 mm的降雪天数与降雪总量 |
中雪强度 | 雪季内中雪降雪量与降雪日数的比值 |
小雪日数和雪量 | 雪季中日(24 h)降雪量<2.5 mm的降雪天数和降雪总量 |
小雪强度 | 雪季内小雪降雪量与降雪日数的比值 |
Fig.2 Average snow season length (a), annual mean snowfall (b), annual mean snowfall days (c), annual mean snowfall intensity (d)图2 雪季长度(a)、降雪量(b)、雪季降雪日数(c)、降雪强度(d) |
Fig.3 Distribution of snowfall belts in China图3 中国降雪地带分布 |
Fig.4 The average snowstorm snowfall (a), snowstorm days (b), snowstorm intensity (c)图4 多年平均暴雪量(mm)(a) 、暴雪日数(d)(b)和暴雪强度(c) |
Fig.5 The average annual heavy snow snowfall (a), heavy snow days (b), heavy snow intensity (c)图5 多年平均大雪降雪量(a)、大雪日数(b)、大雪降雪强度(c) |
Fig.6 The percentage of snowfall days (a) and snowfall(b) of the 4 classes to total snowfall days and snowfall in different regions (1971-2000)图6 不同区域各级降雪日数(a)、降雪量(b)占总降雪日数、降雪量百分比(1971~2000年) |
Fig.7 The ten-day changes of average snow days and snowfall in different regions (1971-2000)图7 不同区域降雪日数和降雪量旬变化(1971~2000年) |
Fig.8 The ten-day changes of average snow days of categories in different regions (1971-2000)图8 不同区域各级平均降雪日数旬变化(1971~2000年) |
Fig.9 The ten-day changes of average snowfall of categories in different regions (1971-2000)图9 不同区域平均各级降雪量旬变化(1971~2000年) |
Table 2 Correlation coefficients of the snow days or snow intensity with latitude and altitude表2 降雪日数、降雪强度与纬度、海拔的相关系数 |
降雪日数 | 降雪强度 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
总雪日 | 暴雪 | 大雪 | 中雪 | 小雪 | 总强度 | 暴雪 | 大雪 | 中雪 | 小雪 | |||
东部 | 纬度 | 0.749* | 0.014 | 0.358* | 0.611* | 0.754* | -0.611* | -0.196 | -0.272 | -0.242 | -0.197 | |
海拔 | 0.188 | 0.104 | 0.086 | 0.180 | 0.187 | -0.332 | -0.172 | -0.239 | -0.145 | -0.123 | ||
西部 | 纬度 | 0.094 | -0.163 | -0.065 | -0.013 | 0.114 | -0.495* | -0.112 | -0.067 | -0.195 | -0.35* | |
海拔 | 0.475* | 0.224 | 0.448* | 0.472* | 0.461* | 0.172 | 0.004 | 0.239 | -0.015 | 0.241 |
注:* 为通过0.05信度水平检验。 |
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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