国内外大城市体检与规划实施评估的比较研究
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杨艺(1995-),女,湖北宜昌人,博士研究生,主要从事城市与区域经济研究。E-mail: ycyangyiyy@163.com |
收稿日期: 2021-09-25
修回日期: 2021-12-01
网络出版日期: 2022-02-20
基金资助
国家社会科学基金项目(20ZDA040)
版权
Comparative Study on Urban Physical Examination and Planning Implementation Evaluation of Big Cities at Home and Abroad
Received date: 2021-09-25
Revised date: 2021-12-01
Online published: 2022-02-20
Supported by
National Social Science Foundation of China(20ZDA040)
Copyright
伦敦、纽约、东京等国外大城市建立了较为完备的规划实施评估体系,能够为完善中国城市体检评估制度提供参考。城市体检与规划实施评估是对城市发展中阶段性问题的响应,也是政策制定和制度安排的产物。城市体检评估已成为中国城市规划实施效果评价的新模式以及进行规划动态维护的重要依据。受社会体制、历史文化等因素影响,国内外大城市形成了差异化的“实施前协商-数据采集-分析论证-问题诊断-实施后反馈”评估框架。从评估指标体系来看,中国城市体检评估指标以宏观经济社会指标为主,伦敦等国外大城市还会对新建项目、新增设施情况进行动态监测。从评估方法来看,大数据与智能化数字平台的发展有力增强了评估的精准度和科学性,国外大城市在社区微观层面评估和多元主体参与协作方面进行了较多探索。基于此,提出以下优化中国城市体检评估体系的对策建议,包括动态优化指标体系、挖掘利用多源城市数据、加强多层级评估的协调、完善常态化保障机制。
杨艺 , 李国平 , 孙瑀 , 付华 . 国内外大城市体检与规划实施评估的比较研究[J]. 地理科学, 2022 , 42(2) : 198 -207 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2022.02.002
Big cities abroad such as London, New York and Tokyo have also established relatively complete system of planning implementation evaluation, which can provide reference for improving urban physical examination and evaluation in China. With the advancement of urbanization, "big city disease" has become a common challenge for all big cities. Urban physical examination and planning implementation evaluation are the response to periodic problems in urban development and also the product of policy formulation and institutional arrangement. Large cities in developed countries, such as New York and London, have deeper development needs due to their high level of social development, and pay more attention to new issues such as economic vitality, social equity and inclusiveness, transportation resilience, and community construction. At present, urban physical examination and evaluation is a new model of urban planning evaluation in China. It’s also an important basis for dynamic maintenance of planning. Influenced by social system, historical culture and other factors, big cities at home and abroad have formed different evaluation frameworks. From pre-implementation consultation, data collection, analysis and demonstration, problem diagnosis to post-implementation feedback, there are great differences among big cities at home and abroad. From the perspective of the evaluation index system, China’s indexes of urban physical examination and evaluation are mainly macroeconomic and social indicators. However, big cities abroad such as London also carry out dynamic monitoring of new projects and new facilities. From the perspective of evaluation methods, the development of big data and intelligent digital platforms has greatly enhanced the accuracy and scientificity of evaluation. Furthermore, big cities abroad have made more explorations in micro-level evaluation and multi-subject participation. Based on this, this paper puts forward the following suggestions to optimize urban physical examination and evaluation in China, including dynamically optimizing the index system of urban physical examination and evaluation, in-depth mining and utilization of multi-source urban monitoring data, strengthening the connection and coordination of multi-level evaluation, and improving the regular guarantee mechanism for urban physical examination and evaluation.
表1 《大伦敦空间发展战略2021》中年度监测报告的核心指标Table 1 Core indicators in the annual monitoring report of The Spatial Development Strategy for Greater London (2021) |
| 良性增长子目标 | 领域 | 核心监测指标 | 具体任务 |
| 资料来源:参考文献[8]。 | |||
| 提供伦敦市民所需的住房 | 住房 | 新建住房供应量 | 增加新建住房供应,到2029年3月之前每年新建6.6万套 |
| 经济适用房供应量 | 增加新建住房项目中经济适用房的占比 | ||
| 发展良好的经济 | 经济 | 办公场所供应量 | 办公场所批复建设规模是过去3 a平均水平的3倍 |
| 经济适用型办公场所供应量 | 增加经济适用型办公场所的供应量及其占比 | ||
| 充分利用土地 | 工业用地供给 | 不减少工业区的工业和仓储用地规模 | |
| 创造健康城市 | 环境 | 保护绿化带和大都会开放型土地 | 防止对绿化带和大都会开放型土地的破坏 |
| 新开发项目碳排放 | 与2013年建筑法规的规定相比,减少35%的碳排放量 | ||
| 空气质量 | 空气质量 | 采取积极的开发措施,至少满足空气质量中性排放标准 | |
| 提高效率和韧性 | 交通 | 交通方式占比 | 到2041年步行、自行车和公共交通方式占比增至80% |
| 建设强大而包容的社区 | 健康 | 积极出游的市民 | 增加自行车停车位,到2041年实现“所有市民每天两次骑行10分钟”的健康目标 |
| 遗产 | 城市开发对历史文化遗产的影响 | 城市建设中减少对历史文化遗产的破坏,注重传承与保护 | |
| 文化 | 文化基础设施供给 | 不减少文化场馆和设施数量 | |
表2 国内外大城市体检与规划实施评估中的公众参与方式比较Table 2 Comparison of public participation in urban physical examination and planning implementation evaluation of big cities in China and abroad |
| 国外大城市规划实施评估中的公众参与 | 国内大城市体检评估中的公众参与 | |
| 资料来源:文献[34~36]。 | ||
| 主要特征 | 突出体现在实施前评估环节。重视多元主体与利益相关者的平等协商,将多主体协作框架纳入法律制度,共同参与城市规划的制定和评估过程 | 突出体现在实施后评估环节。由政府部门牵头统筹,开展社会满意度调查,广泛听取社会公众对人居环境规划建设的看法和评价 |
| 优势 | 有助于吸纳不同利益相关者的意见,增强规划方案的科学性、合理性和广泛性,优化政府决策过程 | 决策效率高,规划执行力强;有助于把握规划实施情况,精准识别城市病问题,及时回应公众关切 |
| 不足 | 评估流程复杂,决策效率不高;难以从根本上解决社会问题,弱势群体利益更难得到保障 | 偏结果导向的评估方式容易忽视规划实施过程监测与前瞻性分析,只能识别表面上的城市问题,难以回答规划实施产生偏差的根本原因;公众参与仍然存在制度不完善、体系性薄弱等不足 |
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