杭州城市人口密度对人居环境感知的影响
许婧雪(1994-),女,山西太原人,博士研究生,主要从事城市人居环境、健康城市研究。E-mail: xujx.16b@igsnrr.ac.cn |
收稿日期: 2021-09-12
修回日期: 2021-11-05
网络出版日期: 2022-02-20
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(41871170)
国家自然科学基金项目(42071215)
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA23100302)
北京市属高校高水平教师队伍建设支持计划项目(CIT&TCD201904075)
版权
Impact of Urban Population Density on Perception of Human Settlements in Hangzhou
Received date: 2021-09-12
Revised date: 2021-11-05
Online published: 2022-02-20
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41871170)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42071215)
Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA23100302)
Cultivating High Level Teachers in Colleges and Universities in Beijing(CIT&TCD201904075)
Copyright
研究人口密度与人居环境感知的非线性关系对于合理控制大城市规模、制定适宜的人口密度控制标准以及寻求城镇化科学发展具有重要的现实意义。以杭州为案例城市,基于2020年住建部“城市体检”社会满意度问卷调查结果和杭州城市建成环境空间数据,利用三阶段逐步回归模型和中介效应检验重点分析了人口密度与居民生态宜居感知、健康舒适感知和交通便捷感知的非线性关系,并分析了人口密度对不同维度人居环境感知的影响路径。研究发现:人口密度与居民生态宜居感知、健康舒适感知和交通便捷感知具有显著的倒U型关联,当人口密度在(1.5~2.0)万人/km2时,居民对这3个维度的感知情况最好;在影响路径方面,人口密度对居民生态宜居感知的影响路径为部分中介,对居民健康舒适感知以及交通便捷感知的影响路径为完全中介。研究不仅可以加深对于紧凑城市理论的理解,还可以为城市体检工作中指标参照值的设置提供科学的参考依据,促进新型城镇化健康有序地发展。
许婧雪 , 张文忠 , 谌丽 . 杭州城市人口密度对人居环境感知的影响[J]. 地理科学, 2022 , 42(2) : 208 -218 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2022.02.003
The study of the nonlinear relationship between population density and human settlement environment perception is of great practical significance for the rational control of the size of big cities, the formulation of appropriate population density control standards and the scientific development of urbanization. Taking Hangzhou as a case city, based on the results of the social satisfaction questionnaire of “city health examination” of the Ministry of housing and urban rural development in 2020 and the spatial data of Hangzhou urban built environment, this paper analyzes the nonlinear relationship between population density and residents’ perception of ecological livability, health and comfort, and transportation convenience by using three-stage stepwise regression model and intermediary effect test, It also analyzes the influence path of population density on the perception of human settlements in different dimensions. The results show that: there is a significant inverted U-shaped correlation between population density and residents’ perception of ecological livability, health and comfort, and transportation convenience. When the population density is between 15 000 persons/km2 and 20 000 persons /km2, residents’ perception of these three dimensions is the best; In the aspect of impact path, the impact path of population density on Residents’ perception of ecological livability is partial intermediary, and the impact path of population density on Residents’ perception of health and comfort and traffic convenience is complete intermediary. The research can not only deepen the understanding of compact city theory, but also provide the corresponding decision-making basis for Hangzhou urban planning, and promote the healthy and orderly development of new urbanization.
Key words: city health examination; human settlements; population density; Hangzhou
表1 空间数据说明及问卷调研样本属性统计Table 1 Description of spatial data and statistics of research samples |
自变量 | 变量分类(占比) | 自变量 | 测量方式及数据来源 | |
注:①中Si为样本点1 km搜索口径内i类POI数量占总POI数量的比重。按照高德地图网站对POI的分类,选取了与居民日常生活密切相关的18.5万个POI。POI分类包括餐饮、风景名胜、公共设施、购物、交通设施、金融、科教文化、商务住宅、生活服务、体育休闲、医疗服务、政府机构及住宿服务。 | ||||
个人社会经济属性 | 建成环境 | |||
性别 | 男性(48.0%),女性(52.0%) | POI类型的熵指数 | EI=∑Si×ln(1/Si )①,POI数据来源于2019年12月高德地图网站抓取数据 | |
年龄 | 30岁以下(26.3%),30~39岁(34.1%),40~49岁(19.3%),50~59岁(12.0%),60岁以上(8.3%) | 人口密度/ (万人/km2) | 以 LandScan 2018全球人口栅格数据为基础,采用GIS 空间分析与数理统计方法对样本点1 km搜索口径内的人口密度进行估算 | |
学历 | 初中及以下(10.5%);高中(15.0%),大专(25.9%),大学(45.0%),研究生(3.5%) | 道路交叉口密度/ (个/km2) | 次干道及支路道路交叉口密度,路网数据来源于2018年11月杭州市百度地图路网抓取数据 | |
家庭年收入 | 10万元以下(31.4%),10~20万元(32.7%),20~30万元(20.3%),30万元以上(15.6%) | 公园广场密度/ (个/km2) | 公园广场类POI密度,POI数据来源于2019年12月高德地图网站抓取数据 | |
户口 | 本地人(84.2%),外地人(15.8%) | 地铁站密度/ (个/km2) | 地铁站点密度,POI数据来源于2019年12月高德地图网站抓取数据 | |
公交站密度/ (个/km2) | 公交站点密度,POI数据来源于2019年12月高德地图网站抓取数据 |
表2 居民人居环境感知的线性回归结果Table 2 Linear regression results of residents’ perception of human settlements |
因变量 (满意度) | 系数(标准误) | 因变量 (满意度) | 系数(标准误) | |||||
模型1a | 模型1b | 模型1c | 模型1a | 模型1b | 模型1c | |||
注:* P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001。 | ||||||||
建成环境变量 | 50~59岁 | -2.021 | -1.672 | -1.819 | ||||
人口密度 | 5.029*** | 3.879** | 1.830* | (-1.954) | (-1.662) | (-1.442) | ||
(-4.046) | (-3.192) | (-1.209) | 学历(参照组:初中及以下学历) | |||||
人口密度的平方项 | -1.590*** | -1.389*** | -0.965* | 大学 | -1.128* | -0.463 | -2.192*** | |
(-4.396) | (-3.921) | (-2.190) | (-2.103) | (-0.882) | (-3.351) | |||
POI混合熵 | -2.087 | -1.479 | -1.435 | 研究生及以上 | -4.149** | -3.509** | -8.571*** | |
(-0.756) | (-0.549) | (-0.425) | (-3.245) | (-2.715) | (-5.500) | |||
公园广场密度 | 0.558** | 0.494** | 0.101 | 家庭年收入(参照组:10万元以下) | ||||
(-1.667) | (-1.510) | (-2.693) | 10~20万元 | -0.507 | -0.534 | -1.069 | ||
道路交叉口密度 | 0.002 | 0.016 | 0.019 | (-0.883) | (-0.952) | (-1.527) | ||
(-0.067) | (-0.575) | (-0.578) | 20~30万元 | 0.214 | 0.648 | -1.406 | ||
公共交通站点密度 | -0.220* | -0.187 | 0.099* | (-0.322 | (-0.995 | (-1.733) | ||
(-2.125) | (-1.848) | (-0.788) | 30万元以上 | -1.482* | -1.023 | -4.288*** | ||
个人社会经济属性变量 | (-2.029) | (-1.441) | (-4.844) | |||||
性别(参照组:男性) | 户籍(参照组:本地户籍) | |||||||
女 | -0.460 | -0.104 | 0.189 | 外地户籍 | -2.904*** | -3.643*** | -3.998*** | |
(-1.006) | (-0.233) | (-0.34) | (-3.781) | (-4.780) | (-4.247) | |||
年龄(参照组:60岁及以上) | 常数 | 91.276*** | 90.154*** | 86.869*** | ||||
30岁以及下 | 1.300 | 3.278*** | 2.397* | -15.582 | -15.775 | -12.127 | ||
-1.357 | -3.510 | -2.047 | R2 | 0.021 | 0.033 | 0.038 | ||
30~39岁 | -0.138 | 0.957 | -0.255 | 调整R2 | 0.017 | 0.028 | 0.034 | |
(-0.147) | -1.051 | (-0.223) | F值 | F=5.128, P=0.000 | F=7.804, P=0.000 | F=9.425, P=0.000 | ||
40~49岁 | -2.092* | -1.797 | -2.607* | |||||
(-2.185) | (-1.938) | (-2.232) |
表3 人口密度对生态宜居感知的影响路径检验Table 3 Path test of the impact of population density on residents’ ecological livability perception |
因变量(满意度) | 模型2a | 模型2b | 模型2c | 模型2d | 模型3a | |
公园绿地 | 亲水空间 | 开敞空间 | 建筑密度 | 生态宜居 | ||
系数(标准误) | ||||||
注:* P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001;空白为无此项。 | ||||||
建成环境变量 | ||||||
人口密度 | 2.625* | 4.427*** | 3.590** | 3.831** | 2.108** | |
(-2.264) | (-3.512) | (-2.877) | (-2.598) | (-2.598) | ||
人口密度的平方项 | -1.085** | -1.441*** | -1.261*** | -1.521*** | -0.509* | |
(-3.215) | (-3.928) | (-3.474) | (-3.544) | (-2.156) | ||
其他建成环境变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | |
中介变量 | ||||||
公园绿地 | 0.212*** | |||||
(-11.343) | ||||||
亲水空间 | 0.190*** | |||||
(-9.968) | ||||||
公共开敞空间 | 0.171*** | |||||
(-8.742) | ||||||
建筑密度 | 0.238*** | |||||
(-17.589) | ||||||
个人社会经济属性变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | |
常数 | 82.948*** | 78.282*** | 84.550*** | 88.061*** | 23.449*** | |
(-15.179) | (-13.178) | (-14.378) | (-12.672) | (-5.969) | ||
R2 | 0.020 | 0.026 | 0.026 | 0.029 | 0.585 | |
调整R2 | 0.016 | 0.022 | 0.022 | 0.025 | 0.583 | |
F 值 | F=4.817, P=0.000 | F=6.264, P=0.000 | F=6.258, P=0.000 | F=6.975, P=0.000 | F=271.512, P=0.000 |
表4 人口密度对健康舒适感知的影响路径检验Table 4 Path test of the impact of population density on residents’ health and comfort perception |
因变量(满意度) | 模型2e | 模型2f | 模型2g | 模型2h | 模型2i | 模型2j | 模型3b |
综合医院 | 社区卫生 服务中心 | 大型购物 设施 | 社区超市、 便利店等设施 | 体育场地 | 社区道路、 健身器材等维护 | 健康舒适 | |
系数(标准误) | |||||||
注:* P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001;空白为无此项。 | |||||||
建成环境变量 | |||||||
人口密度 | 4.091** | 2.917* | 4.639*** | 2.102** | 4.813** | 4.868*** | 0.420 |
(-3.014) | (-2.207) | (-3.828) | (-1.678) | (-3.202) | (-3.346) | (-0.657) | |
人口密度平方项 | -1.162** | -0.914* | -1.452*** | -0.936 | -1.774*** | -1.772*** | -0.220 |
(-2.938) | (-2.374) | (-4.111) | (-2.565) | (-4.050) | (-4.181) | (-1.179) | |
其他建成环境变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
中介变量 | |||||||
综合医院 | 0.154*** | ||||||
(-12.260) | |||||||
社区卫生服务中心 | 0.051*** | ||||||
(-4.175) | |||||||
大型购物设施 | 0.176*** | ||||||
(-12.120) | |||||||
社区超市、便利店等设施 | 0.149*** | ||||||
(-11.45) | |||||||
体育场地 | 0.133*** | ||||||
(-8.858) | |||||||
社区道路、健身器材等维护 | 0.217*** | ||||||
(-17.590) | |||||||
个人属性变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
常数 | 92.417*** | 87.631*** | 89.250*** | 84.441*** | 92.394*** | 86.282*** | 12.575*** |
(-14.470) | (-14.100) | (-15.660) | (-14.330) | (-13.070) | (-12.610) | (-4.060) | |
R2 | 0.040 | 0.035 | 0.037 | 0.040 | 0.036 | 0.041 | 0.735 |
调整R2 | 0.036 | 0.031 | 0.033 | 0.036 | 0.032 | 0.036 | 0.733 |
F值 | F=9.709, | F=8.362, | F=8.914, | F=9.710, | F=8.660, | F=9.760, | F=478.756, |
P=0.000 | P=0.000 | P=0.000 | P=0.000 | P=0.000 | P=0.000 | P=0.000 |
表5 人口密度对交通便捷感知的影响路径检验Table 5 Path test of the impact of population density on residents’ traffic convenience perception |
因变量 (满意度) | 模型2k | 模型2l | 模型2m | 模型2n | 模型2o | 模型3c |
>步行环境 | 骑行环境 | 公共交通出行 | 道路通畅性 | 小汽车停车 | 交通便捷 | |
系数(标准误) | ||||||
注:* P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001;空白为无此项。 | ||||||
建成环境变量 | ||||||
人口密度 | 4.303** | 3.836** | 3.050* | 2.830 | 4.030* | -1.310 |
(-3.091) | (-2.612) | (-2.211) | (-1.612) | (-2.077) | (-1.704) | |
人口密度的平方项 | -1.448*** | -1.425*** | -1.188** | -1.260* | -1.814** | 0.324 |
(-3.573) | (-3.333) | (-2.958) | (-2.464) | (-3.210) | (-1.446) | |
其他建成环境变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
步行环境 | 0.135*** | |||||
(-8.639) | ||||||
骑行环境 | 0.003 | |||||
(-0.189) | ||||||
公共交通出行 | 0.296*** | |||||
(-21.490) | ||||||
道路通畅性 | 0.235*** | |||||
(-19.169) | ||||||
小汽车停车 | 0.243*** | |||||
(-24.751) | ||||||
个人属性变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
常数 | 93.049*** | 95.160*** | 84.914*** | 91.270*** | 96.476*** | 3.967 |
(-14.122) | (-13.687) | (-13.003) | (-10.984) | (-10.504) | (-1.064) | |
R2 | 0.025 | 0.028 | 0.030 | 0.034 | 0.042 | 0.753 |
调整R2 | 0.021 | 0.024 | 0.026 | 0.030 | 0.038 | 0.751 |
F值 | F=6.188, P=0.000 | F=6.833, P=0.000 | F=7.247, P=0.000 | F=8.443, P=0.000 | F=10.268, P=0.000 | F=563.124, P=0.000 |
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