流动人口再流动的空间选择特征及影响因素
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林赛南(1987—),女,浙江永嘉人,博士,副教授,博导,主要研究方向为人口流动与城镇化、城市地理。E-mail: sainan.lin@whu.edu.cn |
收稿日期: 2022-09-14
修回日期: 2023-02-02
网络出版日期: 2023-10-12
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(42171205)
版权
Migrants' spatial choice in onward migration: Features and mechanisms
Received date: 2022-09-14
Revised date: 2023-02-02
Online published: 2023-10-12
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42171205)
Copyright
基于2017年全国流动人口动态监测数据,刻画中国城市流动人口再流动的轨迹与网络特征,并借助嵌套Logit模型探究流动人口在再次流动时空间选择的影响因素。研究发现:① 再流动样本大多于首次流动后的10 a内发生第二次流动,并缩小流动范围;再次流动时多数已婚且家庭化流动趋势明显;两次流动过程的跨等级流动路径不会始终向上而呈现出多样化的选择结果。② 首次流动网络格局呈现出明显的重心偏东、偏南的十字菱形结构,而再次流动时横向联系变弱,城市流向相对变少。③ 个体和城市因素对再次流入地的选择产生影响,其中工资水平的影响力最大,其次是个人特征,再是其他城市经济属性和生活品质变量。
林赛南 , 冯馨 , 王雨 . 流动人口再流动的空间选择特征及影响因素[J]. 地理科学, 2023 , 43(9) : 1537 -1547 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2023.09.004
The number and direction of China's population movements have changed substantially in the last few decades, which caused constant spatial restructuring. Migration is often a multi-stage process that migrants that migrantes may continue an onward migration after their fiyst spatial movement. However, existing studies have paid little attention to such dynamic processes. To fill this research gap, this paper analyzes the dynamic trajectory of migration and the network features of the spatial pattern, and further explores the influencing factors of the spatial choice of the onward migration by using social network analysis and the nested Logit model. The main findings are as followings: 1) The onward migration often occurs within ten years after the primary migration, with a decreasing migration distance. The majority of these onward migrants are married and tend to mirgate with family when they move again. It is also important to note that the onward migration does not always involve movement from cities in a lower hierarchy to a higher one, but presenting diversified patterns; 2) The primary migration network shows a very obvious cross-shaped diamond structure with the center of gravity to the east and south, while in the onward migration, the horizontal linkage becomes weaker, showing fewer pair cities with flows; 3) Spatial choices of onward migration are influenced by both individual and urban factors, among which the average wage in the destination city has the most significant influence, followed by individual characteristics and other urban factors. The higher the education level, the higher the administrative rank of migrants' place of origin, and the younger the onward migrants are in occupations requiring higher professional and technical knowledge and within the working age, the more they tend to flow to a Tier-one city. Based on the above empirical findings, the study further proposes relevant recommendations for different types of cities considering the characteristics of migration process: First, the cities with strong population attractiveness should actively improve facilities, public service conditions and enhance governance to increase the carrying capacity of the population. Second, different cities should be clear about the differences between themselves and other popular cities where the migrants tend to move. Given that migrants are more likely to choose destinations within the urban cluster in onward migration, the cities belonging to the cluster should utilize the population spillover effect of the core cities. They should actively adjust the industrial structure to promote the development of industries with obvious income pulling effect, strengthen the comprehensive urban governance capacity, and create ample urban amenities to attract the population. In view of the visible trend of family migration, cities should introduce corresponding policies in public services.
Key words: migrant; onward migration; spatial choice; nested Logit model
表1 流动人口再流动空间选择影响因素回归模型中各变量的描述统计Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the variables in the regression model of the spatial choice in onward migration |
| 变量类型 | 变量含义 | 变量说明及赋分 | 均值 | 标准差 |
| 注:*表示变量取对数后加入模型;**表示变量标准化取平均值后加入模型;-为被解释变量无均值和标准差;不含港澳台数据。 | ||||
| 被解释变量 | 是否选择j城市 | 否=0,是=1 | - | - |
| 人口学特征 | 性别 | 男性=1,女性=2 | 1.46 | 0.50 |
| 年龄 | 1~29岁=1,30~44岁=2,45~59岁=3,≥60岁=4 | 32.28 | 8.80 | |
| 受教育程度 | 小学及以下=1,初中=2,高中及中专=3,大专及以上=4 | 2.63 | 1.00 | |
| 户口类型 | 农业户口=1,非农业户口=2 | 1.15 | 0.36 | |
| 职业类型 | 农业及制造业从业人员=1,商业、服务业从业人员=2, 专业技术及办公人员=3,无固定职业或其他=4 | 1.97 | 0.76 | |
| 流动特征 | 家庭式迁移 | 独自流动=1,家庭式流动=2 | 1.68 | 0.46 |
| 户籍所在地 | 农村=1,乡镇、县城=2,地级市=3,省会(首府、直辖市)、计划单列市=4 | 1.28 | 0.57 | |
| 较首次流入地流动距离* | 选择的j城市与首次流入地之间的最短公路距离/km | 924.29 | 840.99 | |
| 较户籍地流动距离* | 选择的j城市与户籍地之间的最短公路距离/km | 864.83 | 760.63 | |
| 城市经济 属性 | 人均GDP* | 人均GDP/元 | 48981.92 | 29412.77 |
| GDP增长率 | GDP增长率/% | 7.85 | 3.09 | |
| 失业率 | 城镇失业率/% | 2.70 | 1.67 | |
| 产业结构 | 三产与二产的比值 | 1.02 | 0.58 | |
| 工资水平* | 在岗职工平均年工资/元 | 54460.73 | 11866.03 | |
| 房价收入比 | 住宅每平方米平均售价与当年城镇居民人均可支配收入的比值 | 0.20 | 0.09 | |
| 城市生活 品质 | 教育服务水平** | 每万名学生拥有的小学专任教师数/人 | 617.89 | 146.24 |
| 每万名学生拥有的中学专任教师数/人 | 833.53 | 181.76 | ||
| 医疗服务水平** | 每万人医院及卫生院床位数/张 | 48.24 | 15.07 | |
| 每万人医生数/人 | 22.62 | 12.21 | ||
| 建成区绿化率 | 建成区绿化率/% | 37.61 | 8.02 | |
| 空气质量 | PM2.5年均质量浓度/(μg/m3) | 33.70 | 19.35 | |
表2 再流动人口样本群体特征统计Table 2 Characteristics statistics of onward migration population sample group |
| 特征指标 | 占比均值/% | 特征指标 | 占比均值/% | |
| 注:不含港澳台数据。 | ||||
| 个人社会经济属性 | 阶段性流动特征 | |||
| 性别 | 首次流动时长/a | |||
| 女性 | 43.56 | <5 | 35.85 | |
| 男性 | 56.44 | [5, 11) | 36.85 | |
| 年龄/岁 | [11, 20] | 23.33 | ||
| 15~29 | 35.80 | >20 | 3.97 | |
| 30~44 | 48.98 | 均值 | 7.85 | |
| 45~59 | 14.69 | 首次流动范围 | ||
| ≥60 | 0.53 | 省域内流动 | 25.39 | |
| 均值 | 34.24 | 省域际流动 | 74.61 | |
| 户口类型 | 再次流动范围(相较户籍地) | |||
| 农业户口 | 82.32 | 省域内流动 | 30.44 | |
| 非农业户口 | 17.68 | 省域际流动 | 69.56 | |
| 婚姻状况 | 首次流动家庭化程度 | |||
| 未婚 | 15.99 | 独自流动 | 75.81 | |
| 已婚 | 82.23 | 家庭式流动 | 24.19 | |
| 离异或丧偶 | 1.78 | 再次流动家庭化程度 | ||
| 受教育程度 | 独自流动 | 25.68 | ||
| 小学及以下 | 13.14 | 家庭式流动 | 74.32 | |
| 初中 | 41.63 | 跨等级流动路径 | ||
| 高中及中专 | 21.02 | 先向上后向下 | 44.29 | |
| 大专及以上 | 24.21 | 一直向上 | 20.18 | |
| 职业类型 | 先向上后不变 | 15.11 | ||
| 农业及制造业从业人员 | 25.40 | 先不变后向上 | 6.92 | |
| 商业、服务业从业人员 | 56.13 | 先向下后向上 | 6.02 | |
| 专业技术及办公人员 | 14.11 | 先不变后向下 | 2.14 | |
| 无固定职业或其他 | 4.36 | 先向下后不变 | 2.11 | |
| 一直不变 | 1.87 | |||
| 一直向下 | 1.35 | |||
表3 首次和再次流动网络中出入度排名前10的城市Table 3 Top 10 cities by in-degree and out-degree in the primary and onward migration network |
| 首次出度 | 首次入度(再次出度) | 再次入度 | |
| 注:不含港澳台数据。 | |||
| 1 | 重庆市 | 深圳市 | 上海市 |
| 2 | 阜阳市 | 广州市 | 北京市 |
| 3 | 周口市 | 东莞市 | 天津市 |
| 4 | 邵阳市 | 北京市 | 苏州市 |
| 5 | 南阳市 | 上海市 | 杭州市 |
| 6 | 信阳市 | 苏州市 | 南京市 |
| 7 | 六安市 | 杭州市 | 深圳市 |
| 8 | 南充市 | 温州市 | 无锡市 |
| 9 | 安庆市 | 西安市 | 厦门市 |
| 10 | 上饶市 | 成都市 | 宁波市 |
表4 首次和再次流动中流动频次最高的12组城市Table 4 Top 12 city groups by migrantion frequency and distance |
| 首次流向对 | 频次/次 | 流动距离/km | 再次流向对 | 频次/次 | 流动距离/km | |
| 注:不含港澳台数据。 | ||||||
| 重庆→深圳 | 52 | 1322.20 | 北京→天津 | 142 | 150.83 | |
| 重庆→东莞 | 50 | 1287.31 | 苏州→上海 | 99 | 100.26 | |
| 重庆→广州 | 46 | 1220.87 | 上海→苏州 | 86 | 96.98 | |
| 邵阳→深圳 | 44 | 738.32 | 深圳→东莞 | 86 | 41.74 | |
| 阜阳→上海 | 44 | 1364.5 | 深圳→上海 | 86 | 1423.75 | |
| 邵阳→广州 | 43 | 643.34 | 深圳→广州 | 84 | 105.30 | |
| 六安→上海 | 43 | 584.55 | 南京→上海 | 82 | 309.43 | |
| 六安→苏州 | 39 | 498.00 | 北京→上海 | 81 | 1251.51 | |
| 衡阳→广州 | 38 | 518.44 | 广州→佛山 | 77 | 99.23 | |
| 淮南→上海 | 35 | 561.01 | 东莞→深圳 | 73 | 41.84 | |
| 盐城→上海 | 35 | 327.45 | 上海→南京 | 69 | 309.14 | |
| 南充→深圳 | 35 | 1665.65 | 广州→东莞 | 69 | 77.26 | |
表5 再流动空间选择影响因素嵌套Logit模型回归结果Table 5 Nested Logit model regression results for onward migration spatial choice |
| 变量 | 模型1 | 模型2 | 模型3 | 模型4 | |||||||
| 一类城市 | 二类城市 | 一类城市 | 二类城市 | 一类城市 | 二类城市 | 一类城市 | 二类城市 | ||||
| 注:括号内为标准误差;*** 、** 、* 分别为P<0.001、P<0.01、P<0.05;τ 1、τ 2、τ 3分别为一类城市组、二类城市组、三类城市组的不相似参数;-为指标未带进模型; 模型参照组为流动人口选择三类城市为目的地;不含港澳台数据。 | |||||||||||
| 女性(参照组=男性) | -0.061 (0.061) | 0.040 (0.042) | -0.134* (0.061) | 0.017 (0.042) | -0.149* (0.060) | 0.007 (0.042) | -0.199** (0.060) | 0.004 (0.042) | |||
| 年龄(参照组=15~29岁) | |||||||||||
| 30~44岁 | -0.193** (0.067) | 0.192*** (0.046) | -0.301*** (0.067) | 0.151*** (0.046) | -0.306*** (0.066) | 0.148** (0.046) | -0.376*** (0.067) | 0.134** (0.046) | |||
| 45~59岁 | -0.165 (0.118) | 0.294*** (0.070) | -0.365** (0.118) | 0.205** (0.070) | -0.370** (0.117) | 0.209** (0.070) | -0.502*** (0.117) | 0.174* (0.070) | |||
| ≥60岁 | -0.038 (0.557) | 0.458 (0.319) | -0.370 (0.564) | 0.385 (0.320) | -0.268 (0.558) | 0.370 (0.317) | -0.488 (0.563) | 0.338 (0.318) | |||
| 非农业户口(参照组=农业户口) | 0.100 (0.105) | 0.006 (0.079) | 0.045 (0.107) | 0.011 (0.080) | 0.139 (0.106) | 0.023 (0.079) | 0.085 (0.107) | 0.025 (0.080) | |||
| 职业类型(参照组=农业及制造业从业人员) | |||||||||||
| 商业服务业从业人员 | 0.128 (0.075) | 0.575*** (0.049) | 0.034 (0.074) | 0.538*** (0.049) | 0.062 (0.074) | 0.538*** (0.049) | -0.006 (0.073) | 0.521*** (0.049) | |||
| 专业技术及办公人员 | 0.678*** (0.100) | 0.416*** (0.078) | 0.574*** (0.100) | 0.380*** (0.078) | 0.623*** (0.099) | 0.379*** (0.078) | 0.547*** (0.099) | 0.365*** (0.078) | |||
| 无固定职业或其他 | 0.492*** (0.149) | 0.427*** (0.110) | 0.379* (0.150) | 0.394*** (0.110) | 0.425** (0.148) | 0.379*** (0.110) | 0.347* (0.149) | 0.382*** (0.110) | |||
| 户籍地等级(参照组=农村) | |||||||||||
| 乡镇、县城 | 0.199* (0.091) | 0.088 (0.064) | 0.214* (0.092) | 0.077 (0.064) | 0.187* (0.091) | 0.082 (0.064) | 0.201* (0.092) | 0.073 (0.064) | |||
| 一般地级市 | 0.733*** (0.161) | 0.041 (0.137) | 0.761*** (0.163) | 0.019 (0.137) | 0.757*** (0.161) | 0.052 (0.137) | 0.775*** (0.163) | 0.030 (0.137) | |||
| 省会(首府、直辖市)、 计划单列市 | 0.878** (0.295) | 0.107 (0.267) | 0.910** (0.300) | 0.179 (0.270) | 0.931** (0.296) | 0.171 (0.267) | 0.933** (0.300) | 0.209 (0.269) | |||
| 受教育程度(参照组=小学及以下) | |||||||||||
| 初中 | 0.071 (0.091) | 0.571*** (0.060) | -0.309*** (0.089) | 0.459*** (0.059) | -0.287*** (0.086) | 0.437*** (0.059) | -0.546*** (0.086) | 0.402*** (0.059) | |||
| 高中及大专 | 0.529*** (0.101) | 0.901*** (0.069) | 0.118 (0.098) | 0.776*** (0.068) | 0.152 (0.096) | 0.753*** (0.068) | -0.136 (0.096) | 0.709*** (0.068) | |||
| 大专及以上 | 1.260*** (0.108) | 1.076*** (0.076) | 0.754*** (0.104) | 0.932*** (0.075) | 0.893*** (0.103) | 0.916*** (0.075) | 0.521*** (0.101) | 0.851*** (0.075) | |||
| 家庭式迁移(参照组=独自流动) | 0.236*** (0.066) | 0.192*** (0.046) | 0.160* (0.066) | 0.146** (0.046) | 0.152* (0.065) | 0.144** (0.046) | 0.102 (0.065) | 0.123** (0.046) | |||
| 与首次流入地距离 | -0.527***(0.020) | -0.727***(0.026) | -0.582***(0.022) | -0.690***(0.024) | |||||||
| 与户籍地距离 | -0.598***(0.023) | -1.071***(0.039) | -0.700***(0.028) | -1.073***(0.040) | |||||||
| 产业结构 | - | 0.172***(0.018) | - | 0.162***(0.018) | |||||||
| 工资水平 | - | 2.561***(0.112) | - | 2.755***(0.118) | |||||||
| 失业率 | - | -0.026***(0.007) | - | -0.010(0.006) | |||||||
| 人均GDP | - | 0.294***(0.026) | - | 0.317***(0.031) | |||||||
| GDP增长率 | - | 0.006(0.004) | - | -0.007(0.004) | |||||||
| 房价收入比 | - | -0.019*(0.008) | - | -0.004(0.007) | |||||||
| PM2.5年均质量浓度 | - | - | -0.007***(0.000) | -0.012***(0.001) | |||||||
| 建成区绿化率 | - | - | -0.004***(0.001) | -0.010***(0.001) | |||||||
| 医疗服务水平 | - | - | 0.012***(0.001) | 0.006***(0.001) | |||||||
| 教育服务水平 | - | - | -0.000(0.001) | -0.020***(0.002) | |||||||
| 参照组=三类城市 | |||||||||||
| τ 1 | 0.640***(0.034) | 0.882***(0.043) | 0.862***(0.048) | 0.897***(0.044) | |||||||
| τ 2 | 0.445***(0.018) | 0.764***(0.030) | 0.503***(0.021) | 0.701***(0.028) | |||||||
| τ 3 | 0.541***(0.019) | 0.829***(0.028) | 0.579***(0.021) | 0.798***(0.028) | |||||||
| Loglikelihood | -47948.437 | -46307.047 | -47273.000 | -45699.032 | |||||||
| Wald Chi2 | 1820.82 | 1850.53 | 1625.62 | 1827.49 | |||||||
| Prob>chi2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||
| IIA检验 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |||||||
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