高速公路对城市多中心空间结构的影响
商玉萍(1993—),女,安徽六安人,博士,讲师,主要从事区域经济研究。E-mail: shangyuping1993@163.com |
收稿日期: 2022-06-30
修回日期: 2023-01-09
网络出版日期: 2024-05-31
基金资助
国家自然科学基金项目(72304084)
国家自然科学基金项目(72173079)
教育部人文社会科学研究青年项目(22YJC910014)
中央高校基本科研业务费项目资助(JZ2023HGQA0083)
中央高校基本科研业务费项目资助(JZ2023HGTA0210)
版权
The impact of highway on urban polycentric spatial structure
Received date: 2022-06-30
Revised date: 2023-01-09
Online published: 2024-05-31
Supported by
National Natural Science Foundation of China(72304084)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(72173079)
Youth Research Project of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education(22YJC910014)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JZ2023HGQA0083)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JZ2023HGTA0210)
Copyright
城市道路的发展是城市空间发展的根本动力,基于2001—2019年LandScan高分辨率全球人口分布数据构建了多组多中心空间结构指标,并利用历史交通路线、规划路线等工具变量,系统识别了高速公路对多中心空间结构的影响效应。结果表明,多中心已经成为中国城市空间结构的主要发展趋势,射线状或外围过境的高速公路能够提升外围地区的区位优势,通过集聚土地、开发区、企业和人口要素的途径来加速空间结构从单中心向多中心转变,这一结论在更换变量、限制样本、消除内生性、非线性回归等一系列稳健性检验后始终成立。此外异质性分析结果显示,高速公路对大城市和东部、南方城市多中心空间结构的塑造作用更大;特别地,地方政府财政能力本身越强,越有利于城市塑造出多中心空间结构,但也会弱化高速公路对多中心空间结构的塑造效应。
商玉萍 , 庄德林 , 孟美侠 , 赵鑫 . 高速公路对城市多中心空间结构的影响[J]. 地理科学, 2024 , 44(5) : 819 -830 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.20220819
In recent years, the focal point of policy attention has revolved around how to adapt to new circumstances and implement regional optimization and spatial governance. Chinese government has recently emphasized the construction of a series of well-connected suburban new cities, aiming to drive the development of polycentric urban centers and suburbanization. Consequently, the current policy emphasis is on advancing the rational layout of internal urban spaces through planning and governance, optimizing the internal spatial structure of cities. From a practical perspective, over the past two decades, the internal spatial structure of most Chinese cities has indeed undergone a transition from a single center to multicenter. While factors influencing the internal spatial structure encompass aspects like natural endowments, economic levels, public services, and transportation conditions, the research on these influencing factors has been insufficient due to data limitations and the complexity of real-world issues. Simultaneously, significant transformations have occurred in China’s highways over the past two decades. Numerous studies have confirmed their crucial role in promoting regional coordinated development and reshaping urban systems. However, there has been a prolonged neglect of the impact of highways on the internal spatial structure of cities. Against this backdrop, this study, utilizing the analysis framework of the urban polycentric spatial structure model, specifically elucidates the impact mechanism of highways on the polycentric spatial structure. Simultaneously, based on high-resolution global population distribution data from LandScan from 2001 to 2019, we constructed multiple sets of indicators for the polycentric spatial structure. Employing historical transportation routes, planned routes, and other instrumental variables, we systematically identified the impact effects of highways on the polycentric spatial structure. The results show that: 1) Polycentric spatial structure has become a primary development trend within China’s urban areas. 2) Ray-shaped or peripheral transit highways can enhance the regional advantages of peripheral areas and accelerate the transformation of spatial structure from monocentric to polycentric by agglomeration of land, development zones, enterprises, and population factors. 3) Large cities, eastern and southern cities and cities with low government financial capacity are more effective in shaping polycentric spatial structure of highways. The approach provides insights into using spatial big data technology for researching urban economics issues. The study’s conclusions supplement empirical evidence on the role of transportation infrastructure construction in promoting factor mobility and shaping spatial structures. The study holds significant policy implications for further optimizing the layout of transportation infrastructure, exploring the advantages of polycentric spatial structures, and enhancing urban economic and population carrying capacity.
表1 LandScan人口数据与普查数据的相关系数Table 1 Correlation coefficient between LandScan population data and census data |
变量 | 数据来源 | 人口普查数据 | 就业普查数据 |
注:***代表在1%水平上显著;不含港澳台数据。 | |||
人口规模 | 人口普查数据 | 1 | |
就业普查数据 | 0.5495*** | 1 | |
LandScan数据 | 0.6489*** | 0.5867*** | |
人口密度 | 人口普查数据 | 1 | |
就业普查数据 | 0.7191*** | 1 | |
LandScan数据 | 0.7895*** | 0.7888*** |
表2 高速公路对城市多中心空间结构影响变量的描述性统计Table 2 Descriptive statistics of the impact variables of highway on urban polycentric spatial structure |
变量 | 变量含义 | 样本量 | 平均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
注:C 为城市的中心数量;P为城市次中心人口占所有中心人口比重;N 为城市高速公路建设指标; S 为城市规模指标;F 为外商投资水平;I为物质资本水平;E为教育水平;D为产业结构; T为网络通信水平;不含港澳台数据。 | ||||||
lnC | 中心数量 | 4560 | 0.9874 | 0.4335 | 0.0000 | 2.3026 |
lnP | 次中心人口比重 | 4560 | 0.1499 | 0.1692 | 0.0000 | 0.5729 |
lnN | 高速公路条数 | 4560 | 1.1570 | 0.6289 | 0.0000 | 2.9957 |
lnS | 城市规模 | 4560 | 14.5189 | 0.7666 | 11.4594 | 16.9162 |
lnF | 外商投资水平 | 4560 | 0.0042 | 0.0142 | 0.0000 | 0.3227 |
lnI | 物质资本水平 | 4560 | 0.4508 | 0.1735 | 0.0610 | 1.4147 |
lnE | 教育水平 | 4560 | 4.1920 | 1.3356 | 0.0000 | 8.1614 |
lnD | 产业结构水平 | 4560 | 0.3119 | 0.0628 | 0,0823 | 0.6170 |
lnT | 网络通信水平 | 4560 | 0.0782 | 0.1065 | 0.0000 | 1.5398 |
表3 高速公路影响城市多中心空间结构的基准回归结果Table 3 Baseline regression result of the impact of highway on urban polycentric spatial structure |
变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) |
注:变量解释见表2;括号内为聚类到城市−年份层面的稳健标准误;***、**、*分别代表在1%、5%和10%水平上显著;空白项为无数据;不含港澳台数据。 | |||||
lnN | 0.2297*** (0.0102) | 0.1080*** (0.0103) | 0.0796*** (0.0124) | 0.1260*** (0.0102) | 0.0508*** (0.0120) |
lnS | 0.2193*** (0.0079) | 0.2131*** (0.0085) | 0.2181*** (0.0271) | 0.1945*** (0.0284) | |
lnF | 0.6612** (0.2784) | 0.1234 (0.1516) | 0.2668 (0.1665) | ||
lnI | −0.0268 (0.0361) | 0.1352*** (0.0291) | −0.0685* (0.0400) | ||
lnE | 0.0109** (0.0055) | 0.0319*** (0.0065) | 0.0098 (0.0067) | ||
lnD | −0.1498 (0.0968) | 0.4173*** (0.1044) | 0.1642 (0.1172) | ||
lnT | 0.4573*** (0.0724) | 0.0287 (0.0535) | −0.1195* (0.0676) | ||
常数项 | 0.7216*** (0.0131) | −2.3221*** (0.1097) | −2.2238*** (0.1207) | −2.6529*** (0.3898) | −1.9480*** (0.4152) |
城市固定效应 | 否 | 否 | 否 | 是 | 是 |
年份固定效应 | 否 | 否 | 否 | 否 | 是 |
样本量 | 4,560 | 4,560 | 4,560 | 4,560 | 4,560 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.1109 | 0.2300 | 0.2423 | 0.7990 | 0.8070 |
表4 高速公路影响城市多中心空间结构的工具变量回归结果Table 4 Instrumental variables regression result of the impact of highway on urban polycentric spatial structure |
变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) |
注:变量解释见表2;其中列(1)~(2)回归采用明代驿站数量IV1作为工具变量,列(3)~(4)回归采用规划路线数量IV2作为工具变量,列(5)~(7)回归依次采用城市由中心射向外围的规划路线数量IV21、城市外围过境规划路线数量IV22和城市内是否有规划路线穿过的虚拟变量IV23作为工具变量;括号内为聚类到城市−年份层面的稳健标准误;***代表在1%水平上显著;不含港澳台数据。 | |||||||
第二阶段回归 | |||||||
lnN | 0.5646*** (0.0580) | 0.2718* (0.1449) | 0.3383*** (0.0316) | 0.1757*** (0.0398) | 0.1756*** (0.0425) | 0.1775*** (0.0401) | 0.2437*** (0.0471) |
lnS | 0.1417*** (0.0480) | 0.1736*** (0.0149) | 0.1737*** (0.0155) | 0.1730*** (0.0152) | 0.1511*** (0.0173) | ||
城市控制变量 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
年份固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
城市固定效应 | 否 | 否 | 否 | 否 | 否 | 否 | 否 |
样本量 | 4560 | 4560 | 4560 | 4560 | 4560 | 4560 | 4560 |
Uncentered R2 | 0.8345 | 0.8769 | 0.8608 | 0.8800 | 0.8791 | 0.8800 | 0.8765 |
第一阶段回归 | |||||||
回归系数 | 0.1298*** (0.0086) | 0.0464*** (0.0082) | 0.3766*** (0.0137) | 0.2816*** (0.0130) | 0.3404*** (0.0164) | 0.3547*** (0.0168) | 0.3818*** (0.0222) |
F值 | 225.17*** | 31.76*** | 757.93*** | 471.89*** | 428.25*** | 447.17*** | 297.01*** |
Anderson canon. corr. LM | 206.531*** | 31.477*** | 115.78*** | 387.870*** | 349.462*** | 373.105*** | 342.016*** |
Cragg-Donald Wald F | 262.619*** | 35.773*** | 796.670*** | 501.479*** | 433.614*** | 488.711*** | 256.690*** |
Hansen J statistic | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
表5 高速公路影响城市多中心空间结构的替换变量回归结果Table 5 Substitution variables regression result of the impact of highway on urban polycentric spatial structure |
变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
注:N1,中心射向外围的高速公路数量;N2城市外围过境高速公路数量;N3,环线状高速公路数量;N4,高速公路线路长度;N5,高速公路出入口数量;其他变量解释见表2;括号内为聚类到城市−年份层面的稳健标准误;***、**分别代表在1%、5%水平上显著;空白项为无数据;不含港澳台数据。 | ||||||
lnN1 | 0.0430*** (0.0123) | |||||
lnN2 | 0.0572*** (0.0125) | |||||
lnN3 | −0.0042 (0.0210) | |||||
lnN4 | 0.0021 (0.0020) | |||||
lnN5 | 0.0104** (0.0051) | |||||
lnN | 0.0217*** (0.0052) | |||||
lnS | 0.1980*** (0.0288) | 0.1982*** (0.0284) | 0.1948*** (0.0286) | 0.1949*** (0.0286) | 0.1915*** (0.0287) | 0.0371*** (0.0124) |
城市控制变量 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
城市固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
年份固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
样本量 | 4560 | 4560 | 4560 | 4560 | 4560 | 4560 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.8065 | 0.8070 | 0.8059 | 0.8060 | 0.8193 | 0.7607 |
表6 高速公路影响城市多中心空间结构的限制样本和非线性分析的回归结果Table 6 Constrained sample and nonlinear regression result of the impact of highway on urban polycentric spatial structure |
变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) |
注:变量解释见表2;括号内为聚类到城市−年份层面的稳健标准误;***、**分别代表在1%、5%水平上显著;空白项为无数据;不含港澳台数据。 | |||||
lnN | 0.0496*** (0.0120) | 0.0361*** (0.0110) | 0.0452*** (0.0151) | 0.0505** (0.0230) | −0.0187 (0.0211) |
lnN2 | 0.0402*** (0.0097) | ||||
lnS | 0.167*** (0.0313) | 0.221*** (0.0277) | 0.167*** (0.0337) | 0.199*** (0.0566) | 0.2096*** (0.0286) |
城市控制变量 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
城市固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
年份固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
样本量 | 4480 | 4330 | 3420 | 4560 | 4560 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.8028 | 0.7967 | 0.8544 | 0.8068 | 0.8081 |
表7 高速公路影响城市多中心空间结构的机制检验结果Table 7 Mechanism test result of the impact of highway on urban polycentric spatial structure |
变量 | lnLD | lnZD | lnFD | lnPD | lnLD | lnZD | lnFD | lnPD |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
注:括号内为聚类到城市−年份层面的稳健标准误;***代表在1%水平上显著;HP为高速公路出入口的核密度;HW为高速公路线路的核密度;LD、FD、PD分别为1 km×1 km空间单元上的地块数量、企业数量,人口数量;ZD为空间单元到开发区的最短距离;CBD、AIR分别为为空间单元到市中心CBD的最近距离、到机场的最近距离;空白项为无数据;不含港澳台数据。 | ||||||||
lnHW | 0.0044*** (0.0002) | −0.0090*** (0.0001) | 0.0070*** (0.0001) | 0.2342*** (0.0006) | ||||
lnHP | 0.0040*** (0.0000) | −0.0048*** (0.0001) | 0.0133*** (0.0001) | 0.1750*** (0.0006) | ||||
lnAIR | −0.0036*** (0.0007) | 0.1477*** (0.0003) | −0.0019*** (0.0002) | −0.3478*** (0.0024) | −0.0017*** (0.0001) | 0.1481*** (0.0003) | −0.0018*** (0.0002) | −0.3547*** (0.0024) |
lnCBD | −0.0296*** (0.0006) | 0.2773*** (0.0002) | −0.0270*** (0.0002) | −1.1569*** (0.0021) | −0.0124*** (0.0001) | 0.2784*** (0.0002) | −0.0267*** (0.0002) | −1.1811*** (0.0021) |
常数项 | 0.0308*** (0.0004) | 0.2838*** (0.0002) | 0.0283*** (0.0001) | 3.8042*** (0.0015) | 0.0131*** (0.0001) | 0.2821*** (0.0002) | 0.0281*** (0.0001) | 3.8417*** (0.0015) |
城市固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
年份固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
样本量 | 12 306 400 | 12 306 400 | 12 306 400 | 12 306 400 | 12 306 400 | 12 306 400 | 12 306 400 | 12 306 400 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.0036 | 0.8837 | 0.0449 | 0.5189 | 0.0108 | 0.8836 | 0.0479 | 0.5168 |
表8 高速公路影响城市多中心空间结构的异质性分析结果Table 8 Heterogeneity analysis result of the impact of highway on urban polycentric spatial structure |
变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
注:括号内为聚类到城市−年份层面的稳健标准误;east为东部虚拟变量;center中部虚拟变量;north为北方虚拟变量;G为政府财政能力;其他变量解释见表2;***、**分别代表在1%、5%水平上显著;空白项为无数据;不含港澳台数据。 | ||||
lnN | 0.0561*** (0.0121) | 0.0562*** (0.0122) | 0.0480*** (0.0120) | 0.0505*** (0.0121) |
lnS | 0.1504*** (0.0315) | 0.2137*** (0.0282) | 0.2220*** (0.0281) | 0.2160*** (0.0288) |
lnN×lnS | 0.0665*** (0.0105) | |||
lnN×east | 0.0920*** (0.0187) | |||
lnN×center | 0.0172 (0.0183) | |||
lnN×north | −0.0727*** (0.0150) | |||
lnN×lnG | −0.1916** (0.0790) | |||
lnG | 0.3778*** (0.0869) | |||
城市控制变量 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
城市固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
年份固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
样本量 | 4560 | 4560 | 4560 | 4,560 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.8098 | 0.8091 | 0.8084 | 0.8081 |
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