西藏边境贸易市场的演变过程、分布特征及影响因素研究
吴仕海(1987—),男,云南曲靖人,博士,讲师,主要从事边境地理、全球变化与区域响应研究。E-mail: wshai2010@126.com |
收稿日期: 2023-01-09
修回日期: 2023-04-26
网络出版日期: 2024-08-12
基金资助
第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究项目(2019QZKK0603)
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDA20040201)
国家自然科学基金项目(42171098)
版权
Evolution, distribution characteristics and influencing factors of border trade markets in Xizang
Received date: 2023-01-09
Revised date: 2023-04-26
Online published: 2024-08-12
Supported by
The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(2019QZKK0603)
Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20040201)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42171098)
Copyright
基于地缘经济理论,通过2018—2020年的野外实地调查,结合GIS空间可视化等方法,分析西藏边境贸易市场的演变过程、分布特征及影响因素。结果表明:①西藏边境贸易市场经过形成期(17世纪—1904年)、发展期(1904—1962年)、初步恢复期(1962—1994年)和缓慢恢复期(1994年至今)4个时期的演化发展,整体上呈现减少趋势;②2020年西藏边境贸易市场主要集中分布在中尼边境,初步形成了以口岸型为主,集镇型和村落牧场型为辅的边贸市场体系,中印、中不边境贸易市场呈现出萎缩态势;③喜马拉雅山脉特殊的自然环境限制边贸市场沿断裂河谷分布,交通可达性促使边贸市场趋向集镇聚集,美国等西方国家(地区)的“离岸平衡”战略、印度的“缓冲区战略”意在阻断边贸市场,尼泊尔和不丹希望通过边贸发展来降低对印度的过度依赖,西藏边境管控措施一定程度上限制了边贸的发展;④未来应该积极探索在边境县城和集镇增开边贸市场,边贸和旅游的融合发展,以及差异化的边境维稳和管控模式,以促进西藏边境地区的稳定与发展。
吴仕海 , 阎建忠 , 张镱锂 , 张茜茜 . 西藏边境贸易市场的演变过程、分布特征及影响因素研究[J]. 地理科学, 2024 , 44(7) : 1153 -1165 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.20210714
The Xizang border trade markets are key links in the construction of the South Asia Corridor and trans-Himalayan connectivity, which is of great significance in promoting the stability and development of the border region in China. Facing the shortage of in-depth investigation and analysis of Xizang border trade markets in the current study. Combining field surveys from 2018 to 2020, Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial visualization techniques, this study came up with an analytical framework based on geo-economic theory, and examined the evolution process, distribution characteristics and impact factors of the Xizang border trade market. The results indicate that: 1) After the evolution development of the formation period (17th century—1904), the development period (1904—1962), the initial recovery period (1962—1994) and the slow recovery period (1994—), the Xizang border trade market as a whole has shown a decreasing trend. 2) At present, the Xizang border trade markets are mainly concentrated in the Sino-Nepalese border, and a border trade market system mainly of the port type and supplemented by the town type and village/pasture type has been formed initially, while the China-India and China-Bhutan border trade market has shown a shrinking trend. 3) The fault valleys of the Himalayas provided conditions for the formation and development of border trade markets. Meanwhile, regional trade patterns were shaped by accessibility, leading to the clustering of border trade markets in towns. Though Nepal and Bhutan hoped to reduce their transitional dependence on India through the development of border trade, “the offshore balancing strategy” of the western countries such as the United States, and India's “buffer zone strategy” are intended to cut off border trade markets. Moreover, the control measures in Xizang border restricted the development of border trade to a certain extent. 4) We should actively explore the opening of additional border trade markets in border counties and towns, the integrated development of border trade and tourism, and a differentiated model of border stability maintenance and control, in order to promote the stability and development of Xizang border areas.
表1 野外调查及数据来源Table 1 A list of data used in this study |
类型 | 主要调查内容 | 来源 |
边境贸易 | 位置及区位等情况 | 2018—2020年对边境20个县的野外实地调查;各县的 县志及历史文献等资料 |
市场数据 | 贸易额、连接边贸市场的通外山口、参与边贸的人次等 | 边境各县统计资料及边贸市场建设情况汇报等资料 |
边境贸易市场的历史、现状、辐射范围及 存在问题等 | 2018—2020年对边境20个县、47个乡(镇)、 32个村的各级干部及商户座谈 | |
边境贸易市场开通和关闭后带来的影响等 | 2020年在中尼和中不边境的商户问卷调查 | |
社会经济数据 | 人口、地区生产总值、边境小额贸易等 | 西藏统计年鉴(2020)[34] |
表2 西藏边境贸易市场的类型及分布特征Table 2 The types and characteristics of border trade markets of Xizang |
类型 | 基本特征 | 分布状况 | 运行情况 | 照片 |
口岸型 | 以边境小额贸易为主,交通、能源、通讯等基础设施完备,贸易额较大,辐射范围广 | 中尼边境:吉隆、樟木、日屋、 陈塘、里孜等口岸; | 仁青岗市场于2006年恢复开通 | ![]() |
中尼印边境:普兰口岸; | ||||
中印边境:仁青岗市场 | ||||
集镇型 | 以边民互市贸易为主,位于集镇,交通基础设施条件较好,辐射范围小 | 中尼边境:绒辖、岗嘎市场; | 绒辖、岗嘎市场于2008年关闭、隆东市场于2018年关闭 | ![]() |
中不边境:帕里、涅如、库局、 隆东市场 | ||||
村落牧场型 | 以边民互市贸易为主,远离集镇,海拔较高,位于靠近边境通山外口的村庄或牧场中;辐射范围较小 | 中印边境:什布奇、都木契列市场; | 扎西岗、都木契列、阿桑市场分别于2012年、2016年、2017年关闭 | ![]() |
中尼边境:加柱、玛永、亚斯玛、欧木丁丁、强拉、贡当、宗噶、扎西岗、拉孜拉; | ||||
中不边境:阿桑、朗果市场; | ||||
中缅边境:吉太市场 |
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