中国国际河流合作的空间格局及形成机制
潘莹(1998—),女,云南曲靖人,博士研究生,主要从事政治生态学研究。E-mail: 1542382710@qq.com |
收稿日期: 2023-05-23
修回日期: 2023-11-08
网络出版日期: 2025-01-09
基金资助
云南省哲学社会科学创新团队项目(2023CX02)
云南省中青年学术带头人后备人才项目(202105AC160059)
国家自然科学基金项目(42101231)
云南省哲学社会科学规划项目(YB202444)
云南省哲学社会科学规划智库项目(ZK2023YB12)
版权
Spatial pattern and mechanism of China’s international river cooperation
Received date: 2023-05-23
Revised date: 2023-11-08
Online published: 2025-01-09
Supported by
Philosophy and Social Science Innovation Team of Yunnan Province(2023CX02)
Yunnan Young and Middle-aged Academic Leaders Reserve Talent Program(202105AC160059)
(42101231)
Yunnan Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project(YB202444)
Yunnan Philosophy and Social Science Planning Think Tank Project(ZK2023YB12)
Copyright
中国是众多国际河流的发源地之一,与周边诸多国家存在“一衣带水”的关系。国际河流条约是沿岸国家间合作的一种重要形式,然而在多因素综合作用下如何达成这种合作的系统探讨较鲜见。本文采用清晰集定性比较分析法(csQCA)解析了与中国签署国际河流条约规范文件的周边国家的空间格局,发掘国际河流合作得以达成的多种要素匹配共现的条件;基于跨境政治生态学的理论思想,着重关注河流自然生态特征、流经国特征及国家间关系等因素共同构成的国际河流合作形成机制。主要结论有:① 中国签署的国际河流条约在地区分布上以东北部和西南部的签约数量居多,在主题分布上以河流的治理、综合开发利用和经济合作为合作重点。② 影响中国签署国际河流条约的单项因素中,河流大小和流域国家间的国际关系对条约签署起决定性作用;多因素条件组合中,覆盖率最高的路径为:只流经中国和一个非G20大国的大型国际河流在缺乏流域管理机构的情况下,通常会与全面战略合作伙伴及以上等级关系的国家合作。③ 不同合作主题的条约的影响因素存在一定差异,反映出国际河流合作的多元性和复杂性。本文系统展示了国际河流合作达成的多因素综合分析视角,为中国在国际合作中展示负责任的大国形象提供了参考。
潘莹 , 李灿松 , 刘晓凤 . 中国国际河流合作的空间格局及形成机制[J]. 地理科学, 2024 , 44(12) : 2103 -2112 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.20230504
China serves as the origin of numerous international rivers. Collaboration between China and the neighboring countries along these international rivers materializes primarily through international river treaties. Building on a new dataset, we map the geographical distribution of these treaties and employ qualitative comparative analysis (csQCA) to investigate the combination of key factors leading to the signing of the treaties. Grounded in the theoretical framework of transboundary political ecology, this study emphasizes nature and political factors encompassing the inherent ecological attributes of rivers, the characteristics of the countries through which these rivers flow, and the interrelationships among these nations. Findings include: 1) Northeastern and southwestern regions have signed more treaties. Focal points of cooperation in these treaties encompass river management, comprehensive development and utilization, and economic collaboration. 2) Factors influencing China’s involvement in international river treaties underscore the size of the river and the diplomatic relations between riparian nations. 3) Diverse influencing factors are at play with regard to different facets of cooperation, reflecting the multifaceted and intricate nature of international river collaboration. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the determinants influencing international river cooperation and offers a reference for China to demonstrate its image as a responsible power in international cooperation.
表1 流经中国的15条主要国际河流Table 1 15 major international rivers flow through China |
方位 | 河流名称 | 流经国家 | 流经国家方式 | 分界国 |
注:界河是跨界河流,作为国家边界的一部分,具体分界哪几个国家,因此只有界河涉及分界国,跨境河没有分界国。 | ||||
中国东北部 | 鄂嫩江–黑龙江–阿穆尔河 | 中国、俄罗斯、蒙古 | 界河 | 中国、俄罗斯 |
鸭绿江 | 中国、朝鲜 | 界河 | 中国、朝鲜 | |
图们江 | 中国、朝鲜、俄罗斯 | 界河 | 中朝、俄朝 | |
绥芬河 | 中国、俄罗斯 | 跨境河 | ||
中国西北部 | 额尔齐斯河–鄂毕河 | 中国、哈萨克斯坦、俄罗斯 | 跨境河 | |
伊犁河 | 中国、哈萨克斯坦 | 跨境河 | ||
塔里木河–阿克苏河 | 中国、吉尔吉斯斯坦 | 跨境河 | ||
中国西南部 | 澜沧江–湄公河 | 中国、缅甸、老挝、泰国、柬埔寨、越南 | 跨境河 | |
雅鲁藏布江–布拉马普特拉河 | 中国、印度、孟加拉国 | 跨境河 | ||
元江–红河 | 中国、越南 | 跨境河 | ||
怒江–萨尔温江 | 中国、缅甸 | 跨境河 | ||
独龙江–恩梅开江–伊洛瓦底江 | 中国、缅甸 | 跨境河 | ||
森格藏布江–印度河 | 中国、印度、巴基斯坦 | 跨境河 | ||
珠江 | 中国、越南 | 跨境河 | ||
北仑河 | 中国、越南 | 界河 | 中国、越南 |
表2 变量和研究模型Table 2 Variables and research models |
类别 | 变量 | 代码 | 赋值标准 | 数据来源 | ||
结果变量 | 结果 | 河流条约(河流主题) | TR(RT) | 否(0) | 是(1) | TFDD(https://gis.nacse.org/tfdd/treaties.php) |
条件变量 | 国际河流 自身性质 | 界河 | BR | 否(0) | 是(1) | 文献[34] |
河流面积 | RA | 中小型河流面积 ≤20000 hm2 | 大型河流面积 >20000 hm2 | 文献[34] | ||
流经几国 | FC | 2国 | ≥3国 | 文献[34] | ||
河流是否有跨境管理机构 | MI | 无 | 有 | TFDD | ||
流域国特点 | 其他流经国是否是G20大国 | DGP | 无 | 有 | https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/wjb_673085/zzjg_673183/gjjjs_674249/gjzzyhygk_674253/wsgjt_674255/gk_674257/ | |
中国与其他 流域国家 之间关系 | 是否是全面战略合作伙伴及以上等级关系 | PS | 否 | 是 | https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/?dzb=true | |
水争端 | RD | 不存在水争端 | 存在水争端 | 文献[40] |
表3 河流条约的主题划分Table 3 Key subject of the treaties |
大主题 | 小主题 | 条约数量 |
经济 | 航运、渔业、水利水电工程、防灾减灾、经济合作 | 47 |
河流治理 | 科学研究、水资源保护、水文信息、水资源使用与分配 | 51 |
机制建设 | 合作机制、冲突解决机制、管理法框架和国际协议等 | 4 |
综合 | 包含2项及以上小主题 | 49 |
表4 国际河流条约达成的必要性条件检测Table 4 Necessity condition detection of international river treaties |
条件变量(结果变 量为TR:国际河流 条约是否达成) | 变量 代码 | 国际河流总 签约数量 | 特定国际河 流签约数量 |
注:“~”表示在达成条约的案例中,出现的反向条件变量,其他类似情形下也适用,下同。 | |||
界河 | BR | ||
~BR | |||
河流面积 | RA | ||
~RA | |||
流经几国 | FC | ||
~FC | |||
河流是否有跨境管理机构 | MI | ||
~MI | |||
其他流经国是否是G20大国 | DGP | ||
~DGP | |||
是否是全面战略合作伙伴及以上等级关系 | PS | ||
~PS | |||
水争端 | RD | ||
~RD |
表5 不同合作主题条约达成的必要性条件检测Table 5 Necessity condition detection of the conclusion of treaties on different cooperation themes |
条件变量 (结果变量为RT:河流条约主题) | 变量代码 | 经济 | 河流治理 | 机制建设 | 综合 |
界河 | BR | ||||
~BR | |||||
河流面积 | RA | ||||
~RA | |||||
流经几国 | FC | ||||
~FC | |||||
河流是否有跨境管理机构 | MI | ||||
~MI | |||||
其他流经国是否是G20大国 | DGP | ||||
~DGP | |||||
是否是全面战略合作伙伴及以上等级关系 | PS | ||||
~PS | |||||
水争端 | RD | ||||
~RD |
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