人地系统可持续性风险评估与治理:概念、方法与挑战
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叶沁涵(2001—),女,安徽合肥人,博士研究生,主要从事可持续发展和风险科学研究。E-mail: yeqh19@gmail.com |
收稿日期: 2025-06-06
修回日期: 2025-09-17
网络出版日期: 2025-11-10
基金资助
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3804903)
国家自然科学基金项目(W2412141)
版权
Sustainability risk assessment and governance in human-earth system: Concepts, methods and challenges
Received date: 2025-06-06
Revised date: 2025-09-17
Online published: 2025-11-10
Supported by
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC3804903)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(W2412141)
Copyright
人地系统可持续性是当前全球发展研究的核心议题,可持续性风险的评估和治理是实现人地系统可持续发展的关键环节和重要保障。本文从风险概念的定义与分类、一般性风险的评估与预警、治理方法出发,初步探讨了人地系统可持续性风险的内涵;结合一般性风险评估方法,构建了人地系统可持续性风险的综合评估框架,包括评估可持续发展目标实现速率过慢或倒退的内部风险,以及应用多重方法评估不同扰动或冲击的外部风险;根据传统风险预警系统的4个关键过程,提出了包含动态分级的人地系统可持续性风险预警技术体系,并讨论了在系统思维下进行多方协同的风险治理模式。本文有助于深化人地系统可持续性风险的认识,为实现区域可持续发展与风险应对能力的协同提升提供理论支撑。
叶沁涵 , 张军泽 , 王帅 , 傅伯杰 . 人地系统可持续性风险评估与治理:概念、方法与挑战[J]. 地理科学, 2026 , 46(1) : 1 -15 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.20250635
Sustainability of human-earth system has become a pivotal focus in global development research, with risk assessment and governance identified as key components and fundamental safeguards in the pursuit of sustainable development. This study begins by reviewing the conceptual definitions and classifications of risk, as well as general methods for risk assessment, early warning, and governance, to preliminarily explore the connotation of sustainability risk in human-earth system. Drawing on general risk assessment methodologies, this study constructs an integrated framework for evaluating sustainability risk in human-earth system, which incorporates both internal risks (e.g., stagnation or regression in meeting sustainable development goals) and external risks (e.g., disruptions from multiple stressors) through multi-method evaluations. Finally, based on the four key processes of traditional risk early warning systems, this study proposes a dynamic, graded technical system for early warning of sustainability risk in human-earth system and discusses a collaborative governance model underpinned by systems thinking. Overall, our study contributes to a deeper understanding of sustainability risk in human-earth system, offering theoretical support for improving governance capacities and promoting the co-evolution of regional sustainability and resilience.
表1 一般性的风险定义Table 1 General definition of risk |
| 定义视角 | 内容 | 参考文献 |
| 意大利语中的风险定义(17世纪) | 冒险、进入危险 | [26] |
| 风险的数学定义(18—19世纪) | 预期损失(潜在损失与发生概率的乘积) | [27] |
| 风险的中性定义(19世纪初) | 冒险中获得好或坏结果的可能性 | [27] |
| 风险的客观不确定性定义 | 风险是可以度量的不确定性 | [28] |
| 风险的社会建构定义 | 人类制造的、不可完全预测和控制的未来危害 | [29] |
| 复杂系统理论中的风险 | 风险源于系统内高度耦合与非线性交互形成的脆弱结构,一旦某个节点受到冲击,危害便可能沿着某种路径扩散并引发连锁性的级联破坏 | [14] |
| 国际标准化组织定义 | 不确定性对目标的影响 | [30] |
| 综合性视角的定义 | 风险由不良后果的潜在性、结果发生的不确定性及相关知识的局限性共同构成 | [31] |
表2 风险评估方法Table 2 Methods of risk assessment |
| 类别 | 方法 | 内容 | 优点 | 缺点 | 参考文献 | |
| 定量评估 | 蒙特卡洛模拟 | 随机抽样生成大量可能的参数组合,模拟多种潜在结果,计算概率分布 | 能处理复杂系统风险,提供概率分布 | 需要大量的计算资源,模拟时间较长 | [38] | |
| 贝叶斯网络 | 构建图形模式表示变量间条件概率依赖关系,进行推理 | 直观表示因果关系 | 模型构建复杂,需要专业知识 | [19] | ||
| 概率风险评估 | 系统性识别评估潜在事故序列及其后果 | 全面识别潜在风险源 | 在复杂系统中难以准确构建因果关系,过度依赖定量数据 | [28] | ||
| 脆弱性曲线 | 描述对象在面对扰动时,破坏程度与灾害强度之间的关系 | 可用于快速评估灾害 损失 | 难以捕捉复杂机制,依赖大量高质量数据 | [20] | ||
| 基于极值的统计 方法 | 通过泊松分布等统计方法,分析极端事件发生概率和强度 | 计算极端事件风险 | 统计模型包含的假设不一定成立,风险往往受潜在变量影响 | [39] | ||
| 地球界限 | 识别关键地球系统过程设定“安全界限”,监测人类活动是否越过可持续阈值 | 有助于制定全球尺度的环境政策与治理目标 | 阈值理论可能不适合一些关键系统过程 | [40] | ||
| 半定量评估 | 风险矩阵法 | 将事件概率和后果严重性通过矩阵组合 | 可视化性强,操作简单 | 分级模糊,难以处理复合风险交互 | [41] | |
| 聚合指数 | 灰色关联法 | 通过计算序列之间的相似度评估不同因素的关联程度 | 结合不同来源数据,适用于数据不足时 | 受到初始参数选择影响,计算量随因素数量增加 | [42] | |
| 主成分分析 | 减少数据维度,并尽可能保留原始变量信息 | 结合不同来源数据,擅长于高维数据的降维 | 无法捕捉数据的非线性关系,降维过程造成信息丢失 | [33] | ||
| 熵权法 | 通过指标数值分布的离散程度客观确定各指标权重 | 适用性广、对信息离散性敏感 | 对数据质量要求较高,忽略指标间关系 | [43] | ||
| 影响链分析法 | 构建暴露、敏感性与适应能力的因果路径图像化,再结合指标与权重计算脆弱性 | 允许将定量模型(如水文、气候数据)与本地专家打分灵活整合 | 涉及人为设定阈值与主观权重选择 | [44-45] | ||
| 韧性评估 | 包含韧性维度的风险指数(例如国家风险指数) | 通过预期年损失、社会脆弱性、社区韧性评估全国自然灾害风险 | 覆盖广泛、多维度集成 | 未能考虑人为造成的灾害 | [46] | |
| 社区韧性指标(例如社区韧性基线指标) | 通过社区韧性次级指标构建的聚合指标 | 可操作性强、适应社区 尺度 | 数据依赖性强,静态 评估 | [47] | ||
| 定性评估 | 德尔菲法 | 多轮匿名问卷收集专家意见,逐步反馈并调整 | 鼓励自由表达,可以整合专家意见 | 较为主观,依赖专家的个人看法 | [48] | |
| 专家访谈法 | 通过一对一深度访谈获取专家对特定问题的看法 | 能深入挖掘复杂问题的细节,获取非语言信息 | 易受主观偏见影响,时间成本高,难以量化 结果 | [49] | ||
| SWOT方法 | 从内部(优势、劣势)和外部(机会、威胁)分析风险和机遇 | 结构化分析内外部环境,逻辑清晰 | 可能过于简化,忽略细节,依赖主观判断 | [50] | ||
| 危险与可操作性分析(HAZOP) | 系统化分析工艺参数偏差及其潜在危害 | 系统性强,覆盖全面,适合工程系统安全性检查 | 对非技术领域适用性差,过程复杂,时间成本高 | [51] | ||
| 利益相关者工作坊 | 组织多方利益者共同识别风险并制定策略 | 增强多方沟通与协作,促进共识 | 易受强势利益相关者主导,协调难度大 | [52] | ||
表3 风险分级方法Table 3 Methods of risk classification |
| 分级方法 | 应用场景 | 类别举例 | 参考文献 |
| 基于具体概率的定量分析 | 通过贝叶斯网络等方法得到具体概率 | 例如基于0-1的概率将风险划分为极低、低、中等、高、极高 | [19] |
| 基于评估对象类型 | 基于风险评估对象的具体后果 | 例如自然灾害造成的经济损失 | [20] |
| 基于聚合指数 | 半定量的风险指数 韧性、脆弱性评估 | 在0-1的数值区间,通过固定值域法、K-Means聚类、百分位数等方式划分为3~5类 | [46-47] |
| 风险矩阵法 | 项目方案优劣比较 | 基于严重程度、概率等级划分为3×3或者5×5矩阵 | [41] |
| 基于后果的严重性和 影响范围 | 由专家对风险后果作出评估 | 通过专家意见定性评估后果的严重程度,划分不同风险等级,并将具体风险归入相应级别 | [48] |
| 基于系统变化的关键参数 | 地球界限理论 | 结合系统韧性、反馈强度与不确定性等因素,对不同界限所面临的风险状态进行科学分级 | [40] |
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