中美南海地缘博弈下越南对冲演化及驱动因素
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彭飞(1986—),男,山西阳泉人,博士,教授,主要从事海洋经济与地缘政治研究。E-mail: pfly324@163.com |
收稿日期: 2024-10-13
修回日期: 2025-01-07
网络出版日期: 2025-12-15
基金资助
教育部人文社会科学基地重大项目(22JJD790032)
国家自然科学基金项目(42271253)
版权
Evolution of Vietnam’s hedging and driving factors under geopolitical game between China and the United States in the South China Sea
Received date: 2024-10-13
Revised date: 2025-01-07
Online published: 2025-12-15
Supported by
Humanities and Social Science Fund of Ministry of Education of China(22JJD790032)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42271253)
Copyright
构建人海关系地域系统下南海周边国家对冲行动者网络理论框架,并利用相关模型剖析2001—2020年越南在中美两国间偏华对冲演化过程及驱动因素。结论如下:①越南对冲是在特定的地缘环境下产生和发展,并受国家(地区)间相对权力差异及空间综合关系共同影响的地缘战略,其发展和演化离不开人海关系地域系统下南海周边国家对冲行动者网络的影响;②农德孟时期,积极的偏华对冲初现端倪,消极对冲趋向强化;阮富仲时期,积极对冲曲折前进,消极对冲起伏跌宕;③驱动越南实施偏华的积极对冲因素为“中越外交联系紧密度”“越南社会硬实力发展水平”;消极对冲为“越南对华地缘威胁认知”“越南体系压力”及“南海地缘想象”。
彭飞 , 王坤泽 , 李培 , 任欢 . 中美南海地缘博弈下越南对冲演化及驱动因素[J]. 地理科学, 2025 , 45(12) : 2726 -2737 . DOI: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.20241101
This paper constructs a theoretical framework for the network of hedging actors of neighbouring countries of South China Sea under the human-ocean relations geographical system, aiming to fill the existing research gap in systematically analyzing regional hedging dynamics from a geographical perspective. It then utilizes the relevant model to carefully portray and in-depth analyze the evolution of Vietnam’s China-biased hedging between China and the United States and the key driving factors over the two-decade period from 2001 to 2020, a timeframe marked by significant shifts in global and regional power structures.The conclusions are as follows: 1) Vietnam’s hedging is not a random policy choice but a geo-strategy that arises and develops in a specific geo-environment—shaped by the South China Sea’s unique geography and regional power balance. It is deeply influenced by the relative power differences between countries and the spatial synthesis of relations, and its development and evolution cannot be separated from the influence of the network of hedging actors of neighbouring countries of South China Sea under the human-ocean relations geographical system, as interactions with other regional states further mold its hedging decisions; 2) During the period of Nong Duc Manh, Vietnam initially adopted positive hedging in favor of China, driven by early cooperation needs, but as regional tensions gradually emerged, the negative hedging tended to be strengthened; during the period of Nguyen Phu Trong, the positive hedge has been moving forward with twists and turns amid fluctuating bilateral cooperation projects, while the negative hedge has had its ups and downs, closely tied to changes in regional security incidents; 3) The positive hedges that drive Vietnam’s implementation of bias toward China are “the closeness of diplomatic ties between Vietnam and China”—reflected in high-level exchanges and bilateral agreements—and “the level of development of Vietnamese society’s hard power”, as stronger domestic capacity boosts its confidence in cooperative engagement. Meanwhile, the negative hedges are “Vietnam’s perceived geo-political threat of China” based on its regional security assessments, “Vietnam’s systemic pressures” from internal policy coordination and external alliance expectations, and “South China Sea geopolitical imagery” shaped by media narratives and regional state interactions. These findings not only enrich the academic discussion on regional hedging behaviors but also provide practical references for understanding Vietnam’s foreign policy adjustments in the complex South China Sea context, and help clarify the interplay between geo-factors and state strategic choices in this region, offering insights for promoting stable regional interactions.
表1 对冲类型及行为模式的事件数据选定Table 1 Selected event data for hedge types and behavioral patterns |
| 对冲类型 | 行为模式 | 事件数据选取 |
| 注:消极对冲中的合作性质事件均为越南对美国发出;括号内数值为事件数。 | ||
| 积极对冲 | 初步接触 | 呼吁经济合作(211)、经济合作(61)、呼吁外交合作(22)、邀请访问(44)、访问(43) |
| 深入依附 | 参与外交合作(50)、表达参与实质性合作意愿(31)、表达参与外交合作意愿(32) | |
| 消极对冲 | 风险感知 | 拒绝(120)、不赞成(110)、批评和谴责(111)、号召一致反对(113)、参与外交合作(50)、表达参与实质性合作意愿(31)、表达参与外交合作意愿(32) |
| 军事制衡 | 呼吁军事合作(212)、呼吁军事援助(232)、展示军力(150)、口头威胁(130)、正式表示不满(114)、抗议(140) | |
表2 中美南海地缘博弈下越南偏华对冲驱动因素指标体系Table 2 Indicator system of drivers of Vietnam’s China-biased hedging under the US-China geopolitical game in the South China Sea |
| 准则层 | 指标层 | 指标解释 | 变量符号 | 数据来源 |
| 注:① https://comtradeplus.un.org/ [2024-04-11];② https://www.gdeltproject.org/ [2024-04-11];③ https://data.worldbank.org.cn/ [2024-04-11];−为经本文研究模型计算得来的数据。 | ||||
| 积极对冲 | 积极对冲强度 | “初步接触”和“深入依附”行为值之和 | Hed-1 | − |
| 消极对冲 | 消极对冲强度 | “风险感知”和“军事制衡”行为值之和 | Hed-2 | − |
| 中越双边地缘互动关系 | 对华地缘经济依赖水平 | 由“经济依赖系数”模型[22]和中越空间距离测算得到的数值 | Eco-12 | 联合国商品贸易数据库① |
| 中越外交联系紧密度 | 中越两国对彼此发出的“外交互动”性质事件数量、戈登斯坦分值及事件提及次数综合指数 | Dip-12 | GDELT数据库② | |
| 越南对华地缘威胁认知 | 越美军事、安全合作水平 | 越南对美国在南海地区发出的所有“军事、安全合作”及美国对越南发出的“军事援助”性质事件的数量、戈登斯坦分值及事件提及次数综合指数 | Thr-12 | GDELT数据库② |
| 越南体系压力 | 中美南海地缘博弈烈度 | 中美两国在南海地区所有“冲突”性质的事件数量、戈登斯坦分值及事件提及次数综合指数 | Exp-23 | GDELT数据库② |
| 中越地缘临近性 | 中越两国地理与关系距离 | 中越首都间地理距离与两国事件发生数量、戈登斯坦分值的比值 | Geo-12 | GDELT数据库② |
| 越南社会硬实力发展水平 | 经济、科技及军事发展水平 | 越南国内生产总值、科学专利数量、军费投入量综合指数 | Har-1 | 世界银行数据库③ |
| 越南南海地缘 想象 | 南海地区关注度 | 越南政府发出有关南海地区新闻事件数量 | SCScon-1 | GDELT数据库② |
表3 中美南海地缘博弈下越南偏华对冲驱动因素回归结果Table 3 Regression results of drivers of Vietnam’s China-biased hedging under the US-China geopolitical game in the South China Sea |
| 变量名称 | 模型(1) K=0.17, R 2=0.822 | 模型(2) K=168, R 2=0.793 | 模型(3) R 2=0.831 | 模型(4) R 2=0.827 |
| 注:***、**、*分别代表1%,5%,10%的显著性水平;括号内为t检验值;模型(奇数)为积极对冲驱动因素模型,模型(偶数)为消极对冲模型;模型(1)(2)空白项为变量间不存在相关性;模型(3)(4)空白项为不显著变量;变量解释见表2;K为影响模型稳定性和准确性的“惩罚参数”。 | ||||
| SCScon-1 | 0.946 (0.069) | 0.006*** (3.274) | 0.000*** (5.971) | |
| Har-1 | 0.026** (2.505) | 0.264 (1.168) | 0.009*** (2.929) | |
| Thr-12 | 0.002*** (3.917) | 0.000*** (4.733) | ||
| Geo-12 | 0.664 (0.444) | |||
| Exp-23 | 0.360 (0.949) | 0.028** (−2.469) | 0.002*** (−3.674) | |
| Eco-12 | 0.625 ( | 0.807 (−0.249) | ||
| Dip-12 | 0.003*** (3.577) | 0.072* (1.956) | 0.001*** (4.060) | |
| 常数 | 0.028** (−2.479) | 0.252 (−1.198) | 0.007*** (−3.046) | 0.008*** (3.033) |
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