China′s GDP deviation degree is studied by Catastrophe progression method, ESDA and spatial econometric model from 1985 to 2012. Five conclusions are arrived as follows: 1) Except for 2009, since 1998 China′s GDP deviation degree had been increasing, the national policy and the global economic situation has important influence on the China's GDP deviation degree; 2) Compared to 2009, the spatial pattern of GDP deviation degree has almost no change in 2012, the regions which have been greater deviation degree were the Changjiang River Delta, Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and central regions; 3) Spatial interaction is the important reason of China's GDP deviation degree widening; 4) The total GDP, the construction industry and the total investment in fixed assets has a significant impact on China's GDP deviation; 5) Energy consumption and speed of GDP have negative effects on China's GDP deviation degree, mainly by the development stage decision.
As a link among spatial economics, city agglomeration plays an important role in the flowing of regional elements and the growth of economy. This thesis focuses on the study of spatial economic relations on CAFTA by using social network analysis from the perspective of city agglomeration. Firstly, this thesis establishes a network model with CAFTA of 44 cities to analyze the complex relationship among cities from aspects of degree, in-degree and out-degree. The visual network diagram shows interdependencies between China and ASEAN cities, which Shanghai, Singapore, Hong Kong and other cities in the central position of the network and radiating other cities, however, Luang prabang and Battambang cities on the verge of a network, isolation. Secondly, Palla filtering algorithm was used to analyze the community structure of CAFTA, and the K-plex algorithm for cohesive subgroup analysis. According to all of the above analysis, it shows the close relationship between CAFTA among cities. And it is obvious that the core urban agglomeration and the edge of the urban agglomeration have many differences. It also reflects that southeast and southwest cities are very important to contact ASEAN countries, such as Shanghai, Singapore, Kunming, etc. In a word, China also plays a leading role in driving national economic constructions and promoting the prosperity of the regional economic development. With the analysis on space of the urban economic relationship, this thesis provides a new thought on creating upgraded CAFTA.
As the world’s largest sunrise industry based on its comprehensive effects in the industry, employment, ecological, cultural, and other aspects, tourism has become a new growth point of new urbanization development. The upgrade of tourism industry not only increases the demand, but also leads tourism space to expand, and many small towns are gradually being discovered and developed, forming a distinctive tourist destination. It has become the current subject we face how to develop different types of tourism towns scientifically and rationally, build a reasonable resources evaluation system, explore tourism industry development model of small towns, optimize the space environment of tourism towns. However, due to the lack of scientific theoretical guidance, disorderly development and the same model among thousands of towns, many sorts of practical problems appear such as deterioration of the ecological environment, decreasing of traditional rural culture and native landscape, and the loss of community residents’ right to speak. By summarizing the existing literature, we found a large number of domestic research focused on the exploration research and case studies ones, but universal research is relatively weak. There are multiple views in the concept, type, sort, resources combing, and the selection of region development model, which includes a certain bias. Based on the scientific definition of tourism towns, this article has combed a classification criteria of tourism towns, established a new classification method based on the core attraction(A)-Town(T)-Rural(R); through which the tourism towns can be divided into four categories : integration of A and T, separation of A and T, linkages of "A+T+R" and recreation of "A+T+R". This article proposed 8 main categories, 33 sub-categories, 144 subcategories of small towns with two-factor classification of tourism resources evaluation system based on the whole realm of creative resources viewpoint. Based on the actual need of tourism towns development, combined with different combinations of three types of initial conditions, i. e. "attraction, urban infrastructure, environmental background", we can define the six major development model of tourism towns to provide reference and basis for in-depth study of tourism towns, and promote the healthy development of tourism towns".
Taking the “C-typed” economic region along the Bohai Rim as a study case, GDP per capita as the measuring indicator, this article used the methods of exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA), semivariogram function, Kriging spatial interpolation and the software of ArcGIS10.0 and GeoDA to study the spatial evolution of economic pattern at the level of county in1990, 2000 and 2010. Then, driving factors of the spatial evolution of economic pattern were deeply discussed. Conclusions are drawn as follows: 1) At the overall spatial economic framework, the economic development of “C-typed” economic region along the Bohai Rim shows a strong trend of spatial autocorrelation, and the patterns of high-high and low-low agglomeration are inclined to get strengthened continuously. The hotspots of economic development are centralized in the regions of Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Metropolitan Area, Shenyang-Dalian economic belt and Shandong Peninsula Urban Agglomerations, and the coldspots clusters in the inland and provincial boundary regions. The hotspot counties have been decreased remarkably, and coldspot counties are decreased first and increased afterward. 2) The economic growth also shows a strong trend of spatial autocorrelation, and the hotspot areas switch quickly, from scatter to concentration. The high values migrate to northwest of Liaoning Province, and low values center are on Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Metropolitan Area, middle and south of Hebei Province in 2000-2010. The economic disparities of inside province are decreasing, and the inter-provincial economic disparities are gradually increasing. 3) According to the space-time mechanism, the spatial economic framework of “C-typed” economic region along the Bohai Rim tends to be more continuous and self-organized, and the random of the spatial differential pattern keeps decreasing, taking east coast as center. The homogeneousness of economic development in the east-west direction is typical for its relatively small spatial difference. As to the south-north, northeast-southwest and southeast-northwest direction, the spatial economic differences are great; and the radiation function of big cities obviously is weakening. Finally, 3 driving forces of economic framework evolvement in “C-typed” economic region along the Bohai Rim have been drawn: regional policies, economic and industrial foundation, location and traffic conditions. Generally speaking, the spatial evolution of economic pattern is complicate system engineering, and promoting the regional integration is also very long at the same time, therefore, some efforts should be made in the choices of index, methods and scale in the future.
Place can serve as a template for examining the contemporary cultural dynamics of socioeconomic transformation and restructuring, and the culture has important influences on place construction and becoming. However, in the earlier studies, the culture impacts in the process of place becoming received inadequate treatment. Modern China is now undergoing a rapid and dramatic socioeconomic transformation which can be understood as cultural transformation essentially. Meanwhile, place is continue becoming due to the rapid urbanization and urban renewal in the past decade. The relationship between place becoming and cultural transformation embodies a concentrated reflection of the impact mechanism of changing cultural fashions on cultural production of place. This article aims to explore the impacts of cultural transformations on place becoming, especially focus on how cultural transformation can construct and change the cultural implications of place. This article, using Shenzhen Overseas Chinese Town (OCT) as a case study, examines the changing names and advertising texts to deconstruct the transformation process and characteristic of cultural implications of place. It is oun that the changing culture fashions are the characteristic of the cultural transformation in modern China since the asynchronization and occasionality in the values and lifestyle changing, materiality redevelopment and subject consciousness representation. The local government and the developers employ the notion of spatial imagineering, and select the meanings fit to the culture fashions to construct a place, with the help of physical space (re)construction. The name, structure and form of the architecture, the landscape, the lifestyle and the social network show the new changing meanings of place. In this process: 1) Each place has one dominant culture in the cultural production of space at one time, while the non-mainstream cultures can also play roles in place becoming. The implications of place are from multiple cultures. 2) There are also many ways in culture production of place. When one way is the mainstream, the others will be non-mainstream. 3) The cultural and meanings diversity of a place make it more difference and attractive, and cater to the changing needs of mainstream social classes in different culture fashions. When an urban community can show multiple meanings from different cultures and multiple ways of culture production, it can be a mixed community where people preferring different culture fashions and from different classes can live together and harmoniously.
This article takes the “No. 94 yard” in Kunming as an example and deconstructs the superstructure of the urban regime in it, then analyzes the mutual relations of each political economic group in the area of urban development. The anti-growth coalition in this case has successfully held back the growth strategy of the local growth coalition via the organized and multifaceted resistance, which indicates that the anti-growth coalition in China has developed and even matured in some way. The results show that the urban regime in this case presented two new features: 1) it has the feature of continuity, which demonstrates that the relation between the growth coalition and anti-growth coalition is not completely opposite, but forms a kind of cooperate-collide continuum, and it is continuously changing inside the growth coalition; 2) The urban regime also has the feature of scale. As the geographic scale becomes larger, the divergence between the growth coalition and anti-growth coalition gets greater, their attitudes are more entirely opposite, it is more inclined to dualism, and the anti-growth coalition would try to get more support from the third party so as to expand the discourse power in the competition; As the geographic scale becomes smaller, the attitudes of the two parties are vaguer, and the growth coalition gets more predominant and has more advantage of rule-making. And scale jumping becomes the focus of both sides, the anti-growth coalition strives to push up the scale, in contrast, the growth coalition tries hard to push down the scale.
Relieving the pressure of megacities’central urban area is a hot issue on regional development and urban economy studies in our country, and it is an important national population development strategy to actively promote the economically developed urbanized area where the resources and environmental carrying capacity is strong to absorb and cluster population. Capital metropolitan region of China in this study, including Beijing and Tianjin municipalities and 7 cities in Hebei Province around Beijing, such as Baoding, Qinhuangdao, Langfang, Cangzhou, Chengde, Zhangjiakou and Tangshan. The resources and environment, population distribution, urban economy development level have obvious differences among cities. Therefore, it is of important theoretical and practical significance to study the population space distribution optimization on the basis of resources and environment carrying capacity of the metropolitan region. On the basis of land resources utilization and its population carrying capacity situation, by estimating the population carrying capacity of construction land and water resources and evaluating the population development restriction according to ecological suitability of construction lands, this article analyzes population carrying capacity of the land resources and its restriction in the capital metropolitan region, and proposes the strategy of population space distribution optimization. Research results indicate that: 1) the population density cascade in the capital metropolitan region is significantly different, core areas in Beijing and Tianjin have high population density; 2) The region with the largest population carrying capacity of land resources in the capital metropolitan region is in the east of Hebei Province around Beijing and Tianjin based on the estimation of constructional land index; 3) By evaluating the water resources condition, the population carrying capacity of water resources is limited. Although the utilization efficient of water resources is improved and water transfer project, population in Beijing and Tianjin basically reached saturation, and there are some potential in Hebei′s cities around Beijing and Tianjin. Based on the analysis of the limitations of the ecological suitability of construction land, population development in Beijing is limited, Tianjin has less potential, the eastern and central regions of Hebei province around Beijing and Tianjin have carrying capacity potential and the northern region should tighten exploit space and expand ecological space. Exploitation and utilization of land resources and population development strategy should be divided into the different areas. The development of population in the north of the capital circle, where is the ecological barrier, should be limited, Population growth in the central urban area should be controlled, population industry is gathering in the eastern coastal area where the growth in population be encouraged, and green space area in the south moderate population growth should be optimized. The promotion of population carrying capacity is limited to water resources and the ecological suitability of construction land in the capital metropolitan region. In order to scientifically promote the population carrying capacity development, effectively ease population pressure in core regions, we should focus on the whole capital metropolitan region, carry out different policies of land use and population development, establish the capital metropolitan region development coordination mechanism, strengthen the metropolitan development plan, enhance infrastructure planning, pay attention to the population growth development areas, carry out inclined development strategy, scientifically and reasonably guide population distribution and gather in the capital metropolitan region to enhance the overall population carrying capacity.
Taking the 34 cities of the Northeast China as the research object, from the 4 dimensions, this article comprehensive built a new measurement index system of urbanization in the Northeast China. Based on temporal analysis, panel data analysis and spatial analysis methods, the article analyzed the evolution characteristics of urbanization spatial differentiation in the Northeast China since 2000. The results showed that: 1) Investment and consumption are the dominant forces for the urbanization in the Northeast China, but its urbanization had the dual natures which were the “top-down” and “bottom-up”; 2) The urbanization was still in the stage of low level, and its development pattern belonged to the vulgar, low efficiency; 3) The differentiation characteristics of urbanization were significant no matter what was the whole or the subsystem of urbanization, such as the whole urbanization was increasing from north to south from 2000 to 2008, descending from 2008 to 2012, which had the consistent change characteristics with the population urbanization and the distinct changeable characteristics with the economy urbanization, society urbanization, space urbanization; 4) The differentiation characteristics in both of the east-middle-west and between coastal and inland in Northeast China were obvious, and both of them had the scheduling characteristics. Finally, the article studied the mechanism of spatial differentiation of the urbanization in Northeast China, which included natural condition, the upgrading of the industrial structure, traffic conditions and the function of the government regulation and system constraints, and found that the differential degree of urbanization between the north region and the south region in the Northeast China is narrowing mainly due to the evolution cycle theory of regional development.
As an important part of the Northeast Old Industrial Base, Jilin Province once created a stable economic position based on a strong industrial foundation. However, in recent years, economic growth in Jilin Province showed a slowing trend, since thus, extensive attention has been put on in making use of industrial cluster on regional economic growth so as to accelerate the rapid development of economy of Jilin Province. This research made industrial cluster as a entry point, based on the statistical data of Jilin Province industry, used Shift-Share method and industrial cluster degree measurement to analyze the change characteristics of industrial structure and agglomeration degree of Jilin Province during the past 20 years. We found that: 1) Industrial cluster of Jilin Province was in a growth stage; 2) Each industry in Jilin Province has the basic conditions and competitive advantage, and there is biggish development space. Relying on the industrial park model increased more competitiveness to industrial development of Jilin Province; 3) The economic development overall form a “十” shape spatial patterns with the core of Changchun-Jilin Region. This article intended to put forward industrial cluster spatial organization structure of Jilin Province, so as to grasp the regional economic development rule and provide some references for the development of preponderant industrial cluster in Jilin Province.
Urban green open space system has three functions, the ecological regulation function, economic-social function and cultural-landscape function. It is possible to achieve scholars′ cognitive through evaluating functional strength to achieve public cognitive through measuring functional satisfaction, and to achieve government′s cognitive through optimizing system functions. The three types of cognitive constitute a unique knowledge of green open space system functions, provide perform clues for the optimization of the system functions, and thus result in a positive and important impact for strengthening ecological city construction, and promoting urban sustainable development. Taking the urban green open space system of Lianyungang City as a case, this article evaluates functional strength of the system, measures functional satisfaction level to the system. On the basis of comparative analysis of both the similarities and differences, and the views of the scholars and the public, the article absorbs the proposed program to optimize system functionality.
The interpretation of inheritance and development of traditional village culture is inseparable from the interpretation of village landscape. It is important to explore the role of the Dong Mininortiy Village Landscape gene in construction of place identity to the national cultural heritage protection. Based on recognition of Dong Mininortiy traditional village landscape gene as Drum Tower, Sa Altar, surrounded Drum tower layout, and China fir paddy field, this article studies the effect of landscape gene in construction place identity relyling on construction structural equation model with 272 questionnaires in Tongdao Taro, Zhaoxing in Liping, Gaoding in Sanjiang. 1) Village landscape gene has an active effect on construction place identity, and the order is Sa altar > surrounded Drum tower layout > China fir paddy > Drum Tower; 2) Effect of landscape gene in construction place identity is the intention identity > emotional identity > recognition identity; 3) In the measurement model of place identity, the following factors have obvious influence on place identity, as residence time, birthplace, occupation, income, level of education, the development of villages, residents type, Drum Tower, Sa Altar, surrounded Drum tower layout, China fir paddy, ect.; 4) In the three measurement models of the personal characteristics, social economy and landscape gene, individual living time has the most influence on personal characteristics, village development has the strongest influence on the social economy, and Sa Altar has the greatest contribution to landscape gene perception; 5) Personal characteristics and social economy have indirect effects on the place identity through the landscape gene sense.
Scientifical assessment on the ecological security of tourist destinations is important for achieving the sustainable development of tourism. Based on the principles of systematicness, hierarchy, maneuverability and the procurability of research data, and the actual situation of tourism economy and ecological environment in Zhejiang Province, this article combines the Pressure-State-Response (P-S-R) model and the Economic-Environment-Social (EES) model to construct a tourism destination ecological security evaluation index system. The mean-square-error decision method was used to calculate the weight of the evaluation index. We used improved TOPSIS to conduct a dynamic evaluation index of the tourism destination ecological security in Zhejiang Province form 2000 to 2012. The spatio-temporal pattern and its obstacle factors were studied using ArcGIS software, dynamic model of ecological security level, the Markov chain model, and the gray relative level model. The results showed the following: 1) from 2000 to 2012, the tourism destination ecological security comprehensive index increased from 0.399 to 0.626, the security level raised from the sensitive grade to the general safety grade. In this period, there were a risk grade in 2000-2002 and 2004-2005; a sensitive grade in 2006; a critical safety grade in 2003, 2007 and 2010; and a general safety grade in the other years. The tourism destination ecological security in Zhejiang Province still has a big space to promote. 2) In Zhejiang Province, the number of cities with risk grade and sensitive grade for ecological security decreased while that with a critical safety grade and general safety grade increased. Furthermore, the increase speed of the number of cities with the relatively high security grade is faster than the decrease speed of the number of cities with the relatively low security grade. There exists a leaping development among the transfer process of different ecological security grades. 3) The main factors affecting ecological security are the growth rate of domestic tourism, the growth of international tourism income, the growth rate of inbound tourists, the domestic income growth rate, and the proportion of environment preservation in GDP and forest coverage. The gray relative levels are 0.803, 0.764, 0.715, 0.667, 0.647 and 0.605, respectively.
The Nansha Islands and its neighboring region is Chinese traditional territory. The region has very important strategic value for the abundant oil and gas resources, the significant position of shipping lane. Neighboring countries in the South China Sea have been occupied Chinese Nansha reefs and robbing the oil and gas resources since the 20th century. A complex situation has been formed. Current research about the Nansha dispute give priority to with text. It is counter-intuitive, slow and one-sided to describe the evolvement rules of the Nansha dispute by using text description. In this study, three visualization methods were introduced to reveal the spatial-temporal variation rules of historical events in the Nansha Islands. First, the dispute incidents were collected and preprocessed from a large number of related texts. Then the spatial-temporal characteristics of historical events in the Nansha Islands were analyzed through statistical charts, social network and geographic information system. The results showed that: 1) the evolution of the Nansha islands dispute since the 20th century could be divided into four stages: the colonial period (from 1900 to 1950), peaceful period (from 1950 to 1970), occupation period (from 1970 to 2000) and stability period (from 2000 to 2012). 2) Critical focus reefs by neighboring countries could be divided into reefs with rich oil and gas resources (such as Zengmu Ansha, Wan’an Tan, Liyue Tan etc.) and reefs with superior natural condition (such as Taiping Dao, Zhongye Dao, Nanwei Dao, Nanzi Dao, Hongxiu Dao etc.); 3) The change of Vietnamese events was mainly in the period from 1970 to 2000. The spatial expansion of the events started at Nanwei Dao in the middle part of the Nansha Islands, then enlarged towards the east, the north and the south, and formed four cores of events distribution which included Nanwei Dao, Anbo Shazhou, Northern reefs and Wan’an Tan. Until 2010, the events of Vietnam had covered all of the Nansha reefs. 4) Unlike Vietnam, the events number of Philippine increases progressively with years. These events were mainly located at the north of the Nansha Islands. There were many inflammatory incidents related to Philippine in the Nansha Islands. Philippine had formed four cores of events included Taiping Dao, Zhongye Dao, Liyue Tan and Meiji Jiao with time according to the spatial distribution of events.
Geographically weighted regression (GWR) is a useful technique for exploring spatial nonstationarity by calibrating a regression model which allows different relationships to exist at different points in space. However, spatial autocorrelation can invalidate the model assumption and sometimes may result in residual dependency. This article aims to improve the spatiotemporal weighted regression (GTWR) by introducing additional variables based on spatiotemporal windows. The size parameters for defining spatiotemporal windows are estimated by spatial and temporal statistics of all the sample data. The new window variables are calculated by averaging the explained variables which are located in its spatio-temporal window. The new variables are added in GTWR as an improved regression (IGTWR) model. Huangshi City, a resource-dependent, land-scarce and multi-center city in Hubei Province, is selected as the study area. 19 300 commercial housing units and 398 buildings in 2007-2012 are collected as sample data. Based on general and spatial statistics, the number of building floors, the plot ratio, the greening ratio, the level of property management, the distance to region center, and the year of sale are selected as explanatory variables. The sample data are analyzed by four regression models respectively: ordinary linear regression (OLS), GWR, GTWR and IGTWR. The optimum size and number of spatiotemporal window are estimated by the Moran's I index and the correlation coefficients between temporal sequences. Modeling results indicate that both the IGTWR model and its variables pass the statistical test at the significant level 0.05. The spatial distribution of the variable coefficients can be explained reasonably. The comparison of all modeling results shows that GWR is better than OLS, GTWR is better than GWR, and IGTWR is better than GTWR, in terms of the measure of goodness of fit (R2), the Akaike information criterion (AICc) , the residual sum of squares (RSS) and the mean squared error(MSE). In the case study, compared with GTWR, the R2, AICc, RSS and MSE from IGTWR are improved from 0.877 to 0.919, 6 226 to 6 206, 49 996 201 to 32 327 472 and 354.427 to 284.969 respectively. The case study indicates that the IGTWR model is effective for temporal and spatial analysis of urban housing price. By introducing window based indicators in GTWR model as new variables, the IGTWR model may estimate the impact of spatial and temporal autocorrelation between geographic data, and thus is able to reduce the model error and increase the model accuracy.
This study analyzed the variation trend of vegetation NDVI and its response to climate change in grassland region of China by employing MODIS NDVI and meteorological data from1982 to 2006. Trend analysis, correlation analysis and spatial statistical analysis were carried out to investigate variation characteristics and spatial distribution pattern of vegetation NDVI, and analyze the relations between vegetation NDVI and meteorological factors. For temperate grassland region of China, growing season NDVI decreased gradually from northeast to southwest, and the grassland types from northeast to southwest are temperate meadow, temperate typical grassland and temperate desert grassland. For alpine grassland region of China, growing season NDVI was smaller overall than that of temperate grassland region, and it decreased on the whole from east to west, with the largest values concentrating in the east alpine meadow grassland. The results indicated that growing season NDVI increased on the whole in recent 25 years, but the spatial differences of seasonal changes were obvious. The largest increase of monthly NDVI occurred in August for temperate grassland region and in July for alpine grassland region. In the aspect of climate change, temperature showed obvious increase trend in the whole grassland region of China, while precipitation changes were not significant. For temperate grassland, spring temperature played an important impact on the vegetation growth of temperate typical grassland. The increase of summer precipitation could obviously promote the vegetation growth of temperate desert grassland. Monthly correlation analyses results showed that temperate grassland vegetation NDVI was significantly positively correlated with temperature in April, and May NDVI was significantly positively correlated with temperature in March and April. By contrast, the increase of June temperature could inhibit the growth of temperate grassland plants during the same period. In terms of precipitation, temperate grassland vegetation NDVI was significantly positively correlated with the previous month's precipitation (except August). April NDVI was significantly negatively correlated with precipitation in February, indicating that the low temperature in February could limit the growth of temperate grassland at the beginning of the growing season. Precipitation in June and July was significant for temperate grassland vegetation growth during the same time period, and the effect of August precipitation on vegetation growth was remarkable in September and October. For alpine grassland, spring temperature played an important impact on the vegetation growth of alpine meadow grassland and alpine typical grassland; summer and autumn temperatures had significant effect on alpine meadow grassland vegetation growth. Monthly correlation analyses results showed that monthly (April to October ) alpine grassland vegetation NDVI was significantly positively related to the air temperature during the same time period (except August), and temperature in August could affect alpine grassland vegetation growth in September. In addition, during the most vigorous growth period, alpine grassland vegetation had a time lag of 1-3 months for precipitation.
Drought is a serious natural disaster. It is doing increasingly damage to the human environment as the drought events occur more frequently. Real-time and effective drought monitoring is an effective means to reduce the losses caused by drought. Since the beginning of 20th century, a lot of drought indices have been developed for monitoring the occurrence and variation of drought. Drought is a complex natural disaster. However, each drought index has its own advantages and weaknesses in drought monitoring. Almost all the drought indices are based on specific geographical and temporal scales; it is difficult to spread its applicability all over the world. Because of the meteorological drought indices using discrete, point-based meteorological measurements collected at weather station locations, the results have restricted level of spatial precision for monitoring drought patterns. Remote sensing technology provides alternative data for operational drought monitoring, with advanced temporal and spatial characteristics. However, additional information still needs to be incorporated so as to thoroughly explain the anomaly in vegetation caused by drought. Besides, to achieve a more accurate description of drought characteristics, drought intensity differences caused by vegetation type, temperature, elevation, manmade irrigation, and other factors under the same water condition must be considered. Therefore, effective drought monitoring indicator should both reflect soil moisture, vegetation condition and take into account vegetation type, temperature, and man-made factors leading to regional drought differences. Aiming at the problem mentioned above, the satellite based drought indices, and integrated meteorological and remote sensed drought indices was reviewed in our research. Firstly, this paper summarized the widely used drought monitoring models which were based on remote sensing data. The remote sensing drought monitoring approach was summarized by dividing it into four classes i.e. vegetation condition monitoring methods, microwave soil moisture monitoring methods, thermal infrared remote sensing monitoring methods and indices based on energy balance theory. The characteristics, application conditions and problems of the monitoring method which were based on remote sensing data and multi-source data (meteorological data, remote sensing data and biophysical data) were deeply analyzed. Then, the future development direction of drought monitoring model was studied and discussed by concluding comprehensive drought monitoring model which was based on multi-source data. Integrated multi-source data to construct comprehensive drought monitoring model was pointed out as a new approach to solve complex problems of drought monitoring. It can solve the inconsistency problems of space and temporal resolution from different data types. But the present study concluded that research on this area is still in the experimental and exploratory stage and need further improvement and development.
The planar space assumption of spatial cluster detection is invalid in the real world. The network space has opened a new gate to finer-scale spatial analysis, and provides a perspective for human dynamics. The urban street network is shaped by social and economic forces over time and also reflects the influences of governmental policies and cultural values. In the real world, any phenomenon whose location is represented through a street address system is inherently constrained by the street network. Hence, both events and their movements are constrained by the street network in the urban area. For example, the street-side business will cause more traffic, which lead to both management and commuting costs. Since the spatial point process is inherently probabilistic, it’s hard to set a fixed set of criteria, which would otherwise be dealt with as a spatial optimization problem. The weight of a given street segment will vary across space and over time when the activities of street-side business on this focal segment and nearby ones are considered. It is crucial to incorporate this information into urban management and urban studies, because equally-weighted street segments do not exist in the real world. The extension of Voronoi diagrams to the network space provides a useful tool in estimating service area in cities. Weighted Voronoi diagrams have been widely adopted to describe the capacity constraints. This proposed method develops a network Voronoi diagram with weighted links based on spatial cluster analysis. It borrows the strength from two large and growing literatures: Voronoi diagram and spatial cluster analysis. The weight is a central component in the construction of weighted Voronoi in urban street network. The weights are generated using local Moran’s I statistic. The weights, either additive or multiplicative, are normalized and transformed into the link length for constructing network Voronoi diagrams. The Monte Carlo simulation process is adopted to illustrate the statistical significance of detected clusters, and only links with significant p values are chosen to be weighted. The normalization interval determines how the clustering level influences the weights. The additive weight reflects the added constraint of the link attribute, while the multiplicative weight demonstrates the degree of influences imposed on the links. The conceptual foundations and technical details of this approach are elaborated in the case study of Wuhan City, China. The results show that the method is effective in incorporating the clustering criteria into the Voronoi construction, and provides an alternative tool for service area division. The constructed network Voronoi diagrams explicitly take into account the characteristics of underlying event distribution instead of a fixed set of criteria. This method sheds new light on micro-level spatial analysis, providing a perspective for observing how socio-economic urban activities, represented as network-constrained point distribution, shape the spatial structure and patterns in the metropolitan area. These constraints are often modelled on the generator points according to a set of predefined criteria. However, human activities are highly dynamic and constantly evolving. The outcomes of these activities are often represented as spatial point processes, which are also constrained by the network space. By means of clustering, the influences of the event points can be modelled as weights posed on the network links. Such weights can represent the congestions caused or times consumed in handling the events. Accounting these weighted links in the network Voronoi diagram will effectively capture the probabilistic nature of underlying point processes, and therefore more faithfully approximate the partition of street space. In a follow-up study, sensitivity analysis needs to be carried to test how the results might vary based on the street segment size to select.
We developed three tree-ring width standard chronology from three Huangshan pine (Pinus taiwanensis) tree-ring sampling sites at Huangbaish Mountain in the western Dabieshan Mountain, Xinyang City of Henan Province. 1) 3 standard chronologies were developed by using the international general method of tree rings, the results of their chronology eigenvalues and statistical characteristics from common times indicated that higher environmental information was contained in Huangshan Pine tree-rings, nevertheless the first-order autocorrelation coefficient showed that there was the larger influence from the prior period of the tree-ring growth; 2) The results of correlation analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that they closely related among 3 standard chronologies, but the result of PCA indicated that PC1 standing for the dominant factor was the climate environment factor and significant difference found from north to south, and PC2 and PC3 showed high altitude and sunny slope were conducive to the growth of Huangshan Pine; 3) Based on dendroclimatological analyses the relationships between tree-ring width indexes of whole research region and 3 sampling sites and climatic factors were detected there were some common impact factors to Huangshan Pine from different growth environment, but much more difference than that of in common; 4) By using multiple linear regression method, the regional tree-ring growth patterns were established about different influence factors, the stepwise linear regression results also identified that the dominant factor of affect trees growth in the whole study area was prior October temperature, and precipitation of previous August also plays a very important role in tree growth process. The results verify these of dendroclimatological research. The models of different elements have good consistency; tree growth difference is remarkable under extreme weather conditions.
Dune morphology dynamic is one of the main issues in aeolian geomorphology research. Because of the restriction of measurement technology, the research result on the aeolian geomorphology dynamic is unable to meet the need for dune formation and development at present. Sonic anemometer could measure the high frequency three direction wind velocity simultaneously, and could provide detailed flow information over dune surface. The results indicated that the flow structure at dune ridges and middle part is deflected; however, the flow structure at dune toe is reversal, deflected and undeflected. The flow direction at the ridge is asymmetric for the formation of reversal and deflected flow at the toe. Turbulence intensity, Reynolds stress and flow exuberance changed with flow direction, and has the similar rule at the dune ridge and middle part over dune surface, but it’s complicated at dune toe.
Climate potential productivity reflects regional capacity of food supplies. Light, temperature and precipitation are three key climate factors influencing crop productivity. In past researches, three climate factors have been calculated during the whole crop period in the crop productivity models. However, couple relationships of light, temperature, and precipitation in different growth periods influences crop productivity differently. Considering that crops need different climate resources at different growing periods, thisarticle improved the existing model to calculate the climate potential productivity of rice, wheat and corn. Jiangsu Coastal zone is one of the significant bases of cropland complementary resource, and it is of great significance to understand capacity of food supplies of this area. Therefore, we took fourteen counties at coastal zone of Jiangsu province as a case study to calculate light potential productivity, light and temperature potential productivity and climate potential productivity of rice, wheat and corn and analyze spatial variation of crop productivity of different counties in Jiangsu coastal zone. The results show that the method of mechanism based on crop growing period to calculate the climate potential productivity for fourteen counties at coastal zone of Jiangsu province is feasible. The light potential productivity of rice, wheat and corn in Jiangsu province are 21 215.1 kg/ha, 15 083.6 kg/ha, and 26 424.9 kg/ha, respectively. The light and temperature potential productivity of rice, wheat and corn in Jiangsu province are 19 942.8 kg/ha, 11 728.2 kg/ha, and 24 094.8 kg/ha, respectively. The climate potential productivity of rice, wheat and corn in Jiangsu province are 19 828.4 kg/ha, 11 158.6 kg/ha, and 24 094.8 kg/ha, respectively. The climate potential productivity of rice and wheat are affected by light, temperature and precipitation, while the climate potential of corn is influenced by light and temperature. The light potential productivity, light and temperature potential productivity and climate potential productivity of different crops in Jiangsu coastal zone have different geographical distributions. The light potential productivity,light and temperature potential productivity and climate potential productivity of rice and corn increase from south to north. The light potential productivity, light and temperature potential productivity of wheat increases from south to north. The climate potential productivity of wheat has no large differences from south to north.
