祁洪玲
, 刘继生
Qi Hongling, Liu Jisheng
中图分类号: F590
文献标识码: A
文章编号: 1000-0690(2018)02-0264-08
通讯作者:
收稿日期: 2017-01-11
修回日期: 2017-03-22
网络出版日期: 2018-04-10
版权声明: 2018 《地理科学》编辑部 本文是开放获取期刊文献，在以下情况下可以自由使用：学术研究、学术交流、科研教学等，但不允许用于商业目的.
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作者简介:
作者简介：祁洪玲（1979-） ,山东章丘人,女,讲师,博士研究生,主要从事旅游地理研究。E-mail: honglingqi@163.com
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摘要
在系统梳理国内外旅游地生命周期相关研究文献的基础上,首先针对中外学者在旅游地生命周期理论上争议最大的两个问题进行了分析,剖析了在基本概念上存在的争议及其原因,归纳了旅游地演化的阶段组成和阶段间拐点问题上的各种意见及意义。其次,总结出旅游地生命周期理论的相关研究主要集中在两方面：一是结合具体案例,研究不同旅游地的生命周期特征,补充和丰富旅游地生命周期内容体系;二是研究推动旅游地演化的因素和机制,以及延长旅游地生命周期阶段的对策。最后根据当前旅游研究的新趋势和未来旅游发展环境的变化,提出未来旅游地生命周期领域研究主要的重点是：不同旅游地在各阶段的发展质量,旅游地的衰退机制与转型对策,旅游业发展的重新定位。
关键词：
Abstract
Tourism area life cycle (TALC) is the theory to describe tourism destination evolution path, which is the most important part of tourism theory system and the most primary tool in regional tourism sustainable development planning. To further develop our existing knowledge on tourism areas evolution, some divergence and confusion on the TALC theory and its basis need to be clarified. Reviewing the domestic and international main literatures, the controversy and achievement about the basic theory are summarized elaborately. First, according to the study of the origination and development of the TALC theory of Butler and the analyzing the key concept, the article concludes that the TALC theory emphasizes the evolution of tourism region system rather than tourism product, though the theory can also be an appropriate tool for analyzing the development of tourism product. Summarizing the discussion about stages division in TALC theory, researching advantages and disadvantages of different way of stages demarcation and considering the practical value of the TALC theory, the article suggests that the evolution path of tourism region should be divided to eight stages. Which are exploration, involvement, development, consolidation, stagnation, reorientation, decline or rejuvenation, and exit stage. Beside the classical six stages in Butler TALC theory, the reorientation stage and exit stage are absolutely necessary in guiding the development of tourism area. Management decision and new investment will determine the tourism area’s evolutionary routine in reorientation stage, if the reorientation effort comes to nothing, the tourism system continues to decline, then the tourism area is doomed to enter exit stage, which means industry transformation. Experience tells us that the industry transformation is very hard for developed tourism area, very few companies want to set new branches in the decline tourism area for lacking of human resource, while a large number of people cannot find a new job after unemployed in tourism industry, there is a great possibility of big recession of whole region in exit stage. Therefore, the eight-stage TALC theory will be a more powerful tool for region development management and planning. Second, summarizing the two hot issues about TALC from 1980 to 2016, the majority literatures focus on the different characters of stages which based on specific area development data, another is the mechanism of the tourism area's evolution and four kinds of influence factors, which are macro-environment, demand, competitors and tourism area’s conditional combination. Which offers a more powerful thrust to regional tourism development planning. At last, proposing the future research prospects on TALC theory in new environment. More studies will focus on the development quality of the human-earth system in different stages instead of the shape of evolution routine of tourism area, reveal the mechanism of tourism industry decline and alternative counterplan of industry transformation in different stages, and rethink about the tourism industrial status in region economic system.
Keywords：
旅游地生命周期理论（Tourism Area Life Cycle, TALC）是描述旅游地系统动态演化的基础理论,不仅是旅游理论体系的重要组成部分,也是指导旅游地可持续发展实践的重要工具。TALC理论起源和成型于西方,1980年巴特勒（Butler)发表于《加拿大地理学家》杂志上的系统的TALC理论,引起了各国旅游学者的兴趣,研究热情持续至今[1]。截至2017年6月30日,谷歌搜索显示TALC理论的被引次数已达5 000次以上。
旅游地发展实践为深入研究TALC理论提供了动力。21世纪以来,欧洲很多旅游地呈现不同程度的衰退,管理部门开始重视旅游地的动态演化,倡导学者对TALC理论进行深层次探索。近年来,北美一些著名旅游地如大西洋城等开始停滞甚至严重衰退,质疑TALC观点的学者越来越少,TALC理论成为公认的经典理论模型,被引入各国旅游地理学教材[2,3],并成为各国进行旅游地管理的重要依据。
著名旅游学者保继刚、谢彦君等最先将TALC理论引入中国使用,陆林、杨效忠、杨春宇等对这一理论的完善做出了很多贡献,但迄今仍有很多学者对这一理论的价值和意义认知不足,甚至在TALC理论上存在争议[4]。因此,追本溯源,笔者检索中外的相关研究文献,以篇名“旅游地”“景区”“度假区”和“生命周期”或“演化”,在中国知网上检索出518篇文献,筛选出相关度较高的14篇文章;外文文献主要通过EBSCO以“tourism/tourist area life cycle”和“destination/resort life cycle”为篇名检索出97篇文献,结合Elsevier、google的检索结果,综合考虑相关度、期刊影响因子、论文被引数量、发表日期等因素,筛选出34篇期刊论文,结合巴特勒收集的TALC论文集（34篇）和相关著作,系统的梳理TALC理论提出的背景,分析国内外学者对TALC产生的争议和研究进展,希望推动更多的中国旅游学者参与TALC理论的研究,形成符合中国特点的旅游地生命周期理论体系,从而对中国的旅游发展实践起到更好的指导作用。
巴特勒的TALC理论从提出到现在已经有近40 a,有关旅游地动态演化的探索则超过了100 a的时间。
对旅游地动态演化的认知可追溯到19世纪末期,戈德金发表在《美国国家杂志》（The Nation）上题为《夏季寄宿者的演化》的文章,认为随着游客的不断到来,旅游地居民改善接待条件,旅游花费不断攀升,会出现低收入者失去租住能力的“旅游地发展悲剧”,这篇文章引起当时各界的激烈争论,并吸引了更多学者关注旅游地变化[6]。此后半个世纪,对特定旅游地的描述性研究不断出现,其中比较值得关注的是吉尔伯特最早进行了旅游地发展普遍规律的探索,尽管研究地区仍仅限于英格兰,却是探索旅游地演化一般性规律的起源[5]。
二战后,旅游地演化规律逐渐成为西方学术界研究的热点,研究者背景以地理学为主,其他为社会学、管理学、心理学等学科,较著名的有克里斯泰勒、普洛戈、诺洛尼亚等。克里斯泰勒生动的描述了旅游地发展模式的经典过程：画家发现了一处不为人知的美景,诗人、摄影师、电影人等纷至沓来,艺术家不断汇集,美景地在外界眼中变得时尚且有知名度,当地居民开始利用简易设施为慕名而来的旅行者提供食宿获取一定收益,转变成为接待来客而投资建设食宿设施,随着更多游人慕名而来,资本亦循迹而至,并有旅游组织提供完善的旅行服务,此时,旅游地则被最初的探索群体抛弃,大众也对这一旅游地逐渐厌倦,而在其他地方,先驱者发现-追随者云集-大众到来直到厌弃的循环也已经开始。尽管克里斯泰勒这一“旅游地发现-发展-衰退”模型是基于欧洲,尤其是地中海地区旅游地发展实践的归纳,但却是学术界公认的研究TALC理论的雏形;此后,诺洛尼亚提出了旅游地开发的三段论,包括发现阶段、当地响应和积极参与阶段、规范化和制度化阶段;普洛戈的研究则从心理学的角度,描述了旅游地发展的不同时期吸引的游客具有明显的性格特征差异[6]。
巴特勒最早使用了“旅游地生命周期”这一名词,并在借鉴营销学界著名的产品生命周期理论和生物学生命周期理论的基础上,于1980年正式提出了TALC理论。文章以游客数量的变化作为一个主要指标,绘制了影响力极大的旅游地发展“S”曲线模型。旅游地的演化被划分为6个阶段,包括探索阶段、参与阶段、发展阶段、稳固阶段、停滞阶段、衰退或复兴阶段。旅游地发展的不同阶段中,旅游者需求、旅游者、旅游产品的供给数量、旅游产品的内涵、东道区社会、外来资本、当地环境等旅游地系统要素,随着旅游业发展呈现出规律性的变迁[1]。
巴特勒TALC理论主要可以概括为4方面内容：第一,旅游地的时空变化形态,包括游客接待量时间上的“S”型变化和旅游要素由核心到外围的扩散;第二,旅游地演化路径出现六个阶段性的特征变化;第三,影响旅游地演化的基本要素;第四,旅游地演化的方向,即旅游发展必然伴随吸引力的下降,人为的管理可实现复兴或者延长生命周期,但旅游地发展突破承载力阈值后,衰退则难以避免。
TALC理论的诞生,意味着旅游地演化理论研究在一定时期内的最新高度。由于“S”型演化路径图形简单明了,容易理解,被广泛应用于旅游规划和管理领域[3]。
TALC理论获得了高度认可,并为巴特勒带来了极高的学术荣誉,但也引发了激烈的争议和批判。归纳中外研究文献可以发现,争议的焦点主要集中在对基础理论本身的认知差异、发展阶段划分方法、阶段和转折点的判定方法上。
2.1.1 以国外学者为主体的对理论基础的争议
TALC理论的立论基础是争论和质疑的焦点之一。国外学术界探讨了用达尔文的物种进化（evolution）论类比没有生命的旅游地是否恰当,如里奇与克劳奇等认为旅游地虽然没有生命,但其发展过程是渐进的,且必须经过自身调整才能在充满竞争的环境中生存下去,所以可类比达尔文的物种进化理论。而尼尔和约恩则认为达尔文的物种进化论中强调自然选择这一维度,旅游地则是经过市场分析后开发产品,与物种进化论不太一致,却比较符合生物进化论奠基人拉马克提出的遗传的特质,生物不断突变,有些突变会产生竞争优势。旅游发展中主体有意志和欲望催生变革,环境条件则予以选择或淘汰,这些特征都非常符合文化和技术的演变规律[1,7,8]。由于中国旅游业起步晚,发展迅速,国内学者更迫切寻求TALC在指导旅游发展实践中价值,对其立论基础问题没有过多关注。
2.1.2 中外学者有关概念表达的争议
国内外持续至今的关于巴特勒理论基本概念的争议,除了早期有学者争论理论是否成立[9,10],持续较长久的争议主要在于到底将其表述“旅游地生命周期”还是“旅游产品生命周期”。科尔斯质疑,TALC理论中的“旅游地”只是一个比喻而已。杨森林等学者们坚持认为是“旅游产品生命周期”,主要理由为：① 从源头上讲,TALC理论由产品生命周期演化而来,是产品生命周期在旅游学中的应用。② 从类型上,旅游产品可以分为旅游地产品、旅游线路产品、旅游节庆活动产品等,因此,所谓的TALC应该是旅游地产品生命周期的分支或者类型。③ 实际操作的便捷性,巴特勒等西方学者才用“旅游地”替代了更广泛意义上的“旅游产品”[9]。坚持“旅游地生命周期”提法的学者提出的证据主要有3个：① 国外有关该理论的研究对象都是旅游地、旅游目的地、旅游度假地或者旅游胜地。包括巴特勒在内的学者,在研究中始终以旅游地生命周期为名,辛格甚至认为旅游目的地的表述都不够恰当,旅游地包含了旅游目的地和旅游卫星目的地[3];② 在理论孕育、成型及推广的过程中,地理学者的贡献都不可忽视,包括克里斯泰勒、巴特勒、保继刚、陆林等中外学者,都将TALC作为旅游地理学的重要理论[3];③ TALC理论研究的是旅游地域系统,包含当地环境、社会、经济等要素构成的复杂系统的变迁,而旅游产品通常不包含这些要素,通过旅游地游客人次变化判定其生命周期也是陷入了简约论的陷阱[4,11]。第三种观点,认为两种概念都可以,因为旅游地生命周期和旅游产品生命周期密切相关[12],没有必要严格区分或者差别的意义不大[13],当今著名学者将TALC理论应用于旅游产品发展分析的同样存在[15,16]。
有关旅游地演化的进程,国内外旅游学界一直持有不同意见。综合来讲,有阶段划分之争、拐点的存在与判定和旅游地衰退与承载力的关系3个方面的问题。
2.2.1 不同的阶段分法与争议
最早的阶段划分法为“三阶段”论,克里斯泰勒认为旅游地主要经历发现,发展和衰落3个阶段,普洛戈等根据接待游客的特征差异将旅游地发展划分为3个阶段[1];后来受产品生命周期理论的影响,很多学者根据旅游地收入发展划分为开发、成长、成熟和衰落“四阶段”;最经典的是“六阶段”分法,是巴特勒为代表的学者根据游客量的变化,提出旅游地发展会经历探索、参与、发展、成熟、停滞、复兴或者衰退阶段,这是影响最大,当今仍然广泛用于科学研究和实践指导的阶段划分方法。巴特勒的TALC理论提出之后,很多学者对特定旅游地发展历程的研究发现,其演化阶段都与TALC理论有出入,因此将TALC不同阶段存废、融合后衍生出“四阶段”“五阶段”的分法。“七阶段”“八阶段”论[1,11]则在停滞阶段后加入“后停滞阶段”[17]或“再定向阶段”[18],在衰退阶段后应该加入旅游地“退出阶段”[19],也即当今所说的转型阶段。
比较各种阶段划分的异议中,“衰退阶段”是否存在,“旅游地发展悖论”是否成立,是最受国内外学者质疑的焦点问题。有学者提出如容量饱和、吸引力降低都可以人为避免,因此“衰退说”毫无价值[20]。斯特莱普、盖茨、霍文的研究都发现某些旅游地可以长期稳定在一个成熟状态,兼具发展、稳固、复兴和衰退阶段的部分特征[1,5,21]。很多学者认为具有巨大国际影响力的景区不可能衰退,而这类“永生型”旅游地的存在就是对“衰退论”的最大证伪。但随着欧洲、北美、亚洲的旅游地疲态普遍出现,人们感知到了衰退阶段存在的真实状态,并认知到了理论的预警价值[1]。高品质的旅游地的确能够在一定时期对抗衰退机制的作用,并在研究者相对短暂的生命历程中表现出长盛不衰的印象,实际上只是将成熟和稳固阶段维持的相对长久。
阶段说中毋庸置疑的是,由于旅游地内部因素和发展环境外部因素,旅游地具体的演化虽然形态各异,如乔伊对太平洋岛屿发展研究发现各岛屿旅游发展路径形态多样,但会沿着既定方向演化[22]。因此,当旅游规划者和决策者在制定旅游地发展战略时,TALC中的阶段演化极具参考价值。
2.2.2 阶段与拐点的存在与判定
TALC理论的主要成就是清晰呈现了旅游地的演化进程,而各个阶段的转变何时发生,是否存在拐点的问题并未解决。有学者认为如果无法识别阶段及拐点,关乎TALC是否具有实践价值。由于阶段之间特征存在重合,阶段之间过渡模糊,所以拐点何时发生,如何判断拐点存在的具体时间,是很长一段时间里学者们研究的重要问题。巴特勒的游客接待量判定法存在两点不足：第一,对于拐点的判定只有定性方法,没有定量方法;第二,数据收集滞后于旅游地发展,且游客接待量的统计困难[23]。保继刚先生则提出中国景区普遍收取门票,游客量的统计问题很好解决。此后有学者提出旅游地生命力判定法、多因素定性判别法等 。21世纪后定量模型也开始出现,如斯文和史蒂文提出当游客量分别达到总市场量的9%,21%,79%和91%,旅游地演化阶段转变,重游游客比例影响旅游地接待量曲线形态[1]。中国学者杨春宇则提出利用游客量、游客变化速度和加速度3个指标的综合变化判定旅游地发展阶段[25]。
约翰斯顿指出坚持旅游地演化一定存在转折点是一种错误的机械论思想。事实上,旅游地的阶段转化更可能像有机体的演化一样是一种模糊过渡,并不一定存在清晰的拐点,如尽管人类存在生命周期,同样无法判定具体个体的生命阶段转变发生在哪一个精确的时间点,因此,旅游地阶段转化拐点判定的意义并不太大[3,26]。
旅游地承载力是旅游研究的一个重点课题,却没有成为TALC后续研究的热点,主要原因是研究者们更多的将注意力放在TALC模型中“S”型的时间序列变化上。巴特勒也并未就旅游地承载力进行深入研究,针对旅游地承载力的研究中没有强调其与TALC的关系[27,28]。因为旅游地承载力体系构成复杂,评估困难且具有可变性,因此很多学者认为旅游地发展超出承载力阈值而引发衰退的结论并不可靠。
很多学者认为,众多的旅游地之所以衰退,是因为新旅游地开发,吸引了原有旅游地的客源,或者旅游需求改变、旅游消费能力降低等外部原因引起的,通过人为管理,可避免旅游地发展超过承载力阈值,因此,游客接待量超过承载力阈值不是旅游地衰退的唯一原因 [1,5]。
自巴氏TALC理论提出后,中外学者纷纷将其应用到不同尺度、不同类型、不同背景的旅游地中进行实践检验,并基于多学科的视角,对巴氏TALC理论提出了具体的批判、补充、调整和重新界定,丰富和完善了TALC理论体系。巴特勒引述阿加瓦尔的话说,TALC理论的价值与不足早已被学者们点评穷尽。但同时也指出,TALC需要学术界持续的检验与多视角研究,以发掘其在新的发展背景中的理论和实践价值[1,6]。
将TALC应用于不同空间尺度的旅游地的研究成果繁多,从单一的旅游景点,到县、城市、地区、国家等各种尺度。其中,占最大比例的是将旅游地生命周期应用于不同类型旅游地,从岛屿到海滨,从山地到洞穴, 从自然旅游资源到人文、人工旅游资源等所有类型。21世纪前的研究基本是结合旅游地数据对TALC拟合,或者根据TALC对旅游地发展现状进行分析的较多,21世纪后则是主要是将TALC理论作为研究的起点或基本视角,研究旅游地的可持续发展和管理对策。
综合近40 a的研究发现,旅游地的资源特征是影响旅游地演化路径和阶段长短的重要影响因素。一般而言,资源品味越高,空间尺度越大,构成越丰富,稀缺性强的旅游地,其成熟期都持续较长,发展到后期一般出现发展、成熟、稳固、停滞多种特征并存的局面;而如溶洞、主题公园等旅游景区,则由于体量小,提供的旅游产品比较单一,且容易被模仿的旅游景区则生命周期短暂,非常容易步入衰退阶段[5,6,29,30] 。地理学者注重研究旅游地诸要素在不同发展阶段的空间变化[1,5,31~33],认为旅游地诸要素有集聚扩散的过程,发展后期,旅游要素由核心向周边扩散,形成一个新兴的次中心[1,5,34]。
TALC理论为管理和规划旅游地发展提供了有力工具,并试图探索旅游地发展的作用因素和机制。因此,不同背景和条件下的旅游地各阶段演化的影响因素和机制,是TALC理论研究领域的热点问题[1,35,36]。
旅游地作为开放复杂的地域系统,各阶段推动旅游地演化的因素不停变化,因此影响因素的构成十分的复杂[37,38,39]。综合以往研究可以发现,旅游地演化的影响因素主要可以分为4个方面：宏观环境因素、需求因素、竞争者状况和旅游地条件组合等4类。其中宏观环境因素包括社会、经济发展状况、自然环境、政治法律环境、技术条件等;需求因素包括需求的总量、需求的变化;竞争者则包括同类型旅游地、其他类型旅游地、潜在的旅游资源、上下游的旅游企业等;旅游地自身条件包括历史、经济、社会条件、旅游地容量、区位、基础设施、旅游资源质量、本地政府、居民、投资者作用等[1,5,6,40~43]。诸要素对旅游地发展的方向和时间影响各异,有时某一单一要素会产生决定性的影响,如德伯格研究发现,垄断资本对天堂岛旅游发展具有巨大影响[44],摩尔和怀特霍尔发现政府政策改变会明显影响旅游地发展[45],因此旅游地演化会出现各种差异和不确定性特征。
旅游地演化机制是TALC研究中的难题。既然旅游地演化兼具规律性和不确定性,那么演化机制是如何决定旅游地发展的?这是更难识辨和解决的问题,不同发展阶段中演化机制差异更增加了问题的研究难度。学者们的认知从供给侧到需求侧,到供需矛盾为TALC演化的主要作用机制。探索阶段和参与阶段,需求一直处于矛盾的主导地位,拉动供给的改变,资本循迹而至的发展阶段到稳固阶段,供给逐渐占据矛盾的主导方,它改变需求的内容,拉动需求的增长。停滞阶段到来时,供给的动力削弱,旅游地自然和社会容量抑制了供给无度增长,外在的竞争,内在的供给变化分别分流和削弱了潜在的需求市场。以供需矛盾作为主要影响机制透视旅游地发展的话,任何可以影响供给和需求的因素都可以影响这对矛盾的作用轨迹。演化经济地理学则认为“新奇”是地方演化的根本动因,路径锁定会促进区域朝特定方向发展,同样会导致区域持续发展的衰退 [1,5,46]。
系统论进一步促进了TALC机制的研究,学者们普遍认同将旅游地视为一个综合的地域系统,旅游地各要素互相作用、反馈、依赖、制约,且共同进化和互相转化,旅游地演化表现出开放性、复杂性和非线性,并具有“路径依赖”等特征[47,48,49]。基于静态视角的TALC理论分析和实践应用性文献逐渐减少,从发展的视角看待旅游地系统各要素的互动影响和作用机制,模拟TALC并提出可持续发展对策成为一个重要研究趋势[33,35,50]。利用社会-生态系统动力学模型、混沌理论、耗散结构理论推进TALC理论的研究。
TALC理论的研究受限于旅游业发展的环境。如今,科技创新极大改变了人类生活,诸多旅游地发展因素迥异于从前,TALC理论研究的要求和重点都将发生新的变化。近年演化经济地理学、新文化地理学等理论的发展和人们对于发展哲学的重新思考,都将有助于TALC理论走向新的研究高度。
传统TALC理论关注旅游地接待量和旅游收入的变化,侧重于旅游对地方的影响,提倡通过人为管理实现长久繁荣。而今,地方发展管理的视角和思维变化巨大,普遍从追求经济增长转变为考虑社会公平的包容性发展和追求社会、环境、经济、文化协调的可持续发展,重视旅游业发展对社区居民物质、精神、健康、安全福利的影响,关注旅游业发展与地方文化、景观的互相塑造。人类认知的改变,对旅游研究方向和内容的影响深远,现在普遍将TALC理论视为研究的起点,关注旅游地域系统内要素的发展,如重视不同发展阶段时利益相关者的矛盾类型,旅游地社会网络变化,政府角色,探讨居民参与旅游实践和包容性发展的问题等[1,33,51]。关注不同发展阶段中碳排放、环境变化、经济系统的关系,探讨旅游地可持续发展的适应性对策。新发展观视角下,TALC理论不仅实现了定量分析,也将对旅游地内部各要素的协调发展提供指导。
传统TALC理论认为,旅游地发展突破承载力极限,环境恶化、旅游核心吸引力破坏是导致衰退的核心机制。随着对TALC理论研究的深入,人们意识到引发旅游地衰退的机制复杂,如外部需求环境和竞争因素等都能引起旅游地衰退。继欧洲之后,北美传统旅游地出现衰退,产业转型面临极大的困境。如大西洋城、拉斯维加斯等著名旅游地,旅游企业纷纷倒闭,失业人员再就业困难,高新技术企业却因当地缺乏人才不愿投资。中国一直视旅游业为朝阳产业,但人口老龄化、经济放缓和环境恶化等诸多因素给旅游业发展带来更多不确定性,因此必须未雨绸缪旅游地“衰退”问题,如果旅游地真的出现不可逆转的衰退,旅游业如何退出,才能实现旅游地发展顺利转型和社会稳定?以上问题的解决,都有待学界对TALC理论更为深入、细致的研究。
传统TALC理论认为旅游吸引力是影响旅游业发展的核心要素,旅游地管理的难题主要是稳固期和停滞期旅游地吸引力的保持和更新。而一些经济落后地区因“旅游吸引力”保持较好,存在所谓的“后发优势”,将旅游业作为经济发展的“救命稻草”,大力进行招商引资和政府投资。旅游实践表明,旅游需求的弹性非常大,容易受到各种外界因素的影响,因此旅游业是十分“敏感”的产业,无论旅游地处于哪个发展阶段,旅游市场的“震荡”都非常容易发生。与需求弹性相对应的,则是旅游供给刚性大,旅游投资又多为沉没成本,因此将旅游业作为主导产业或者支柱产业,地区发展将面临着很大的不确定性。尤其以优惠的条件引入外来资本,非常容易破坏当地旅游参与的“多样性”,对很多地区尤其是落后地区而言,应该“大力”还是“适度”投资旅游产业,是否需要控制旅游投资节奏,注意社会经济发展水平的协调,演化经济地理学新兴的区域发展路径依赖的惯性及各要素共同演化的观点至关重要。新文化地理学关于地方系统中要素互动关系的思考,都为将来TALC理论进一步的研究提供了新方向。
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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Une reconsidération du modèle du cycle de vie d'une destination. Une atmosphère de crise a envahi le tourisme des années 90 après la croissance des années 80 dans le comté de Lancaster (USA). En plus, pendant ces deux décennies, la situation du tourisme a subi une transformation significative. La présente étude, basée sur une enquête par courrier d'entreprises de tourisme, de groupes de discussion et d'autres données, décrit et interprète des tendances récentes dans le tourisme. On examine la pertinence des dernières phases décrites par Butler dans son modèle du cycle de vie d'une destination. L'étude conclut que le comté de Lancaster est caractérisé par la coexistence de croissance, stagnation, déclin et rajeunissement, et que l'on pourrait bien identifier cette combinaison comme une phase de maturité. Cependant, il existe la possibilité d'un déclin significatif à l'avenir s'il n'y a pas de planification stratégique efficace pour promouvoir le tourisme durable.
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通过旅游地生命周期的动力因子探讨,认为旅游地生命周期实质是在诸多外部因素影响下的旅游产品结构持续调整的过程,旅游产品结构调整贯穿于旅游地生命周期的各阶段。通过旅游产品结构双周期模型的建立和分析,论述影响生命周期的内在、外在因素及作用机制,阐释了Butler的S型旅游地生命周期演化模型,深化了旅游地演进规律的研究。实证研究表明,普陀山已走过探索阶段、参与阶段,正处于发展阶段,成熟阶段是今后理想演进阶段,普陀山旅游产品结构演化与调整验证、支持这一观点。最后,提出了普陀山旅游产品结构调整的若干对策。
Zhang Guangsheng et al. Relationship between resort life cycle and evolution of tourism product structure—Taking Putuoshan Mountain as an example .https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2004.04.019 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
通过旅游地生命周期的动力因子探讨,认为旅游地生命周期实质是在诸多外部因素影响下的旅游产品结构持续调整的过程,旅游产品结构调整贯穿于旅游地生命周期的各阶段。通过旅游产品结构双周期模型的建立和分析,论述影响生命周期的内在、外在因素及作用机制,阐释了Butler的S型旅游地生命周期演化模型,深化了旅游地演进规律的研究。实证研究表明,普陀山已走过探索阶段、参与阶段,正处于发展阶段,成熟阶段是今后理想演进阶段,普陀山旅游产品结构演化与调整验证、支持这一观点。最后,提出了普陀山旅游产品结构调整的若干对策。
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This research focuses on the development of contemporary beach resorts in the post-stagnation stage of the resort cycle which has not been as closely examined as the earlier ones. But sufficient evidence has now been accumulated to test assertions referring to the model. The Catalan coast, with its long tradition of both international mass tourism and second home development, is particularly suitable for empirical analysis. The paper proposes an alternative model for the expansion of new resorts, with the basic objective of reconciling environmental impact with tourism development.Le cycle des stations: la phase de post-stagnation. Cette recherche porte sur le developpement des stations balneaires contemporaines dans la phase de post-stagnation du cycle des stations, laquelle n'a pas ete examinee d'aussi pres que les precedentes. Mais on a maintenant amasse assez d'evidence pour verifier les affirmations par rapport au modele. La cote catalane, avec sa longue tradition de tourisme international de masse et de residences secondaires, se prete bien a l'analyse empirique. L'article presente un modele alternatif pour l'expansion de nouvelles stations, avec l'objectif principal de reconcilier l'impact environmental et le developpement touristique.
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Restructuring seaside tourism: the resort life cycle [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00002-0 URL [本文引用: 1] |
| [19] |
Taking the exit route: extending the tourism area life cycle model [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/13683509808667837 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) model (Butler, 1980) is one of the most robust and widely used conceptual and managerial frameworks to be employed in the tourism area. It has been subject to extensive scrutiny, application and criticism and this debate shows little sign of decreasing. In most respects, the model has stood up well to application and detractors. This paper presents two additional theoretical extensions to the TALC, based on the notion that there are situations where choice or necessity may lead a destination either to abandon its traditional product and market dependencies in favour of an entirely fresh start (linking this strategy to Handy's (1994) Sigmoid curves from the marketing area). Alternatively, destinations may choose to leave tourism aside entirely as part of its economic development portfolio. Some examples are briefly presented but the extensions to the TALC demand more extensive case testing through further research.
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| [20] |
旅游地生命周期理论辨析 [J].
本文从“旅游地生命周期”这一提法入手，在系统介绍“旅游地生命周期论”主要内容的基础上，对该理论的真伪及科学与否进行了深入分析，最后指出，“旅游地生命周期论”存在着致命的逻辑漏洞，理论上不能自圆其说，在实践面前也显得苍白无力，它只是“产品生命周期”在旅游科
An Analysis of the theory of the life cycle in tourist area .
本文从“旅游地生命周期”这一提法入手，在系统介绍“旅游地生命周期论”主要内容的基础上，对该理论的真伪及科学与否进行了深入分析，最后指出，“旅游地生命周期论”存在着致命的逻辑漏洞，理论上不能自圆其说，在实践面前也显得苍白无力，它只是“产品生命周期”在旅游科
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| [21] |
Tourism planning and destination life cycle [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(92)90065-W URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
ABSTRACT The potential relevance of the concept of a destination life cycle to tourism planning is examined in this paper. Historical analysis of the development of Niagara Falls reveals specific problems in differentiating the hypothetical life-cycle stages of the model. A survey of experts reveals considerable variance of opinion on the question of the current state of the industry. The findings suggest that this resort has evolved into a permanent state of maturity in which aspects of consolidation, stagnation, decline, and rejuvenation are interwoven and constant. “Capacity”, in this context, is a management concept, not an absolute limit, and “rejuvenation” is planning initiative.RésuméLa planification du tourisme et le cycle de vie des destinations. On examine le concept du cycle de vie des destinations et son rapport à la planification du tourisme. Une analyse historique des chutes du Niagara démontre la difficulté de différencier entre les étapes hypothétiques du cycle de vie du modèle. Une enquête auprès des experts fait preuve d'une divergence d'opinion considérable vis-à-vis de la situation actuelle de l'industrie. Les résultats suggèrent que ce lieu de vacances a atteint un état permanent de maturité dans lequel les éléments de consolidation, stagnation, déclin et rajeunissement sont entrelacés et constants. La “capacité”, dans ce contexte, est un concept de gestion plut00t qu'une limite absolute, et le “rajeunissement” est une initiative de planification.
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| [22] |
Life cycle models for Pacific island destination [J].https://doi.org/10.1177/004728759203000304 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The concept of a resort or destination life cycle has been in the tourism literature for over 30 years. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which the pattern of growth proposed by the destination life cycle model applies to Pacific Island destinations, and to examine its usefulness for identifying appropriate strategies for tourism development in the region. The analysis foc...
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| [23] |
The resort cycle and seaside tourism: an assessment of its applicability and validity [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(96)00102-1 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The applicability of the resort life-cycle model for understanding change within destinations is examined by concentrating detailed analysis on Torbay, in the South West of England, UK. Application of the resort life-cycle model highlights a number of operational problems. These relate, first, to a variety of data limitations and second, to the difficulties experienced whilst attempting to use ...
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The resort lifecycle theory: Generating processes and estimation [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00080-3 URL |
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旅游地阶段预测模型构建及实证研究 [J].
本文通过引入旅游地游客量变化的“速度”和“加速度”概念体系，将定量描述旅游地生命周期的Logistic曲线模型展开为级数形式，推导并构建了基于旅游学理论的旅游地阶段预测模型。文中对旅游地在不同演化阶段运用该模型的条件及相应的数据处理方法进行了详细阐述，创建了一种对旅游地生命周期演化阶段定量划分的新方法，更重要的是该模型能够对旅游地不同演化周期游客量最大值及到达时间进行预测。该模型计算过程简便，且避免了Logistic曲线模型中参数设置的主观性缺陷，增加了预测的准确性。文中通过实证研究，验证了所构建的预测模型与实例演化过程相符。这为旅游地游客量预测提供了一种简便和准确的新方法，在理论研究与方法上取得了一定的进展。
Construction of tourism destination state forecasting model and case study .
本文通过引入旅游地游客量变化的“速度”和“加速度”概念体系，将定量描述旅游地生命周期的Logistic曲线模型展开为级数形式，推导并构建了基于旅游学理论的旅游地阶段预测模型。文中对旅游地在不同演化阶段运用该模型的条件及相应的数据处理方法进行了详细阐述，创建了一种对旅游地生命周期演化阶段定量划分的新方法，更重要的是该模型能够对旅游地不同演化周期游客量最大值及到达时间进行预测。该模型计算过程简便，且避免了Logistic曲线模型中参数设置的主观性缺陷，增加了预测的准确性。文中通过实证研究，验证了所构建的预测模型与实例演化过程相符。这为旅游地游客量预测提供了一种简便和准确的新方法，在理论研究与方法上取得了一定的进展。
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| [26] |
Shoring the foundations of the destination life cycle model, part 1: ontological and epistemological considerations [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/14616680010008685 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Butler's destination life cycle model has been a popular source of research inspiration within tourism geography. After 20 years, the model still stands as the theoretical benchmark. This paper attempts to shore up the model's theoretical foundations by specifying and elaborating upon ontological and epistemological elements. Giddens' structuration theory and Glaser's concept of 'basic social process' are utilized for ontological aspects. Comparative examination of four types of process (human life cycle, product life cycle, port development and ecosuccession) indicated that seven features were of epistemological concern: the unit-entity; its characteristics; its users; stages as conceptual units; change mechanisms; macro-structural conditions; and typical stage sequence. These are discussed in relation to the existing destination area literature. A synthesis presents a modified form of the model and a suggested method for how to incorporate the ontological and epistemological elements into case research.
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| [27] |
Concept of carrying capacity: dead or merely buried [J].https://doi.org/10.1002/pth.6070020309 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Abstract Tourism inevitably impacts upon destinations. One of the central concepts in the management of such impacts is that of carrying capacity. However, this paper argues that destinations have been poorly served by the development of the concept of carrying capacity into growth management techniques such as limits of acceptable change and opportunity spectrums. This is particularly the case for destinations dependent upon natural characteristics for their appeal. The paper argues that adoption of such techniques leads to creeping incremental development and changes the profile of the visitor towards those more tolerant of higher use. The paper argues for a return to the idea of identifying maximum appropriate numbers of users.
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| [28] |
Traditions of sustainability in tourism studies [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.06.007 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Traditions de la durabilité dans les études de tourisme. 08 mesure que la durabilité est devenue un sujet important dans la politique du tourisme, il a suscité des débats et des critiques croissants aussi bien qu’un plus grand besoin de comprendre la nature des limites de l’expansion. Cet article analyse comment on approche et évalue ces limites dans des discussions à l’échelle locale. Le but est de faire reconna06tre que derrière les différentes fa04ons de comprendre les limites, il y a diverses traditions qui diffèrent sur leur objectif. On parle des traditions de durabilité basées sur des ressources, des activités ou la communauté. En plus, le rapport entre le tourisme durable et le développement durable est analysé avec un oeil critique.
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| [29] |
The life cycle of Caravan Parks in Australia: the case of northern New South Wales [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/00049182.2013.765348 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The caravan park sub-sector of the Australian tourism accommodation industry provides at least half of the national tourism bed capacity, and in 2009 generated over A$1.1 billion in annual takings. However, the number of parks and park capacity is in decline nationally while both international and domestic demand for the drive-tourism experience is growing. This sets a trend towards an accommodation facilities shortage for the caravanning sector and exposes its vulnerability. This paper uses a case study of caravan parks in the Tweed Shire, New South Wales, Australia, to examine the life-cycle pattern of these parks as a discrete unit of tourist area development and to consider the sector's future. The sector's history is framed within Butler's (Canadian Geographer 24(1): 5-12 (1980)) concept of the tourist area life cycle (TALC). The historical data demonstrate the urban and market change that has occurred around and within caravan parks of this coastal region over almost two centuries. The pattern of caravan park development and evolution conformed to the involvement, exploration, development, consolidation and stagnation stages of the TALC. In 2011, caravan parks in the Tweed region were at a critical tipping point with potential for either decline or rejuvenation.
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Life cycle? Stages and tourism history: the Catalonia (Spain) experience [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.12.006 URL [本文引用: 1] |
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Geographic information system (GIS) analysis of impacts in the tourism area life cycle (TALC) of a Mediterranean resort [J].https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2046 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Tourism in Spain has evolved from being a residual sector in the economy during the 1950 s to become at present the main source of wealth in the country. The Spanish Law of Centres and National Tourist Interest Areas of 1963 created numerous new resorts on the coast whose life cycle is now over 50 years. On the Mediterranean coast, urban development and tourism model processes have been develop...
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| [32] |
The evolution from transportation to tourism: The case of the New York canal system [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2010.494683 URL 摘要
This research examined the New York Canal System in its evolution from a commercial shipping waterway to a tourism destination, with a focus on the canal system's life cycles. The author puts forward that chaos theory can be incorporated into the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) to explain the turbulences in some stages of the canal destination's life cycle. In addition, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis was employed to assess the operational status quo and future development trends. The SWOT analysis suggested some important threats to the New York Canal System, which other canal destinations should also consider. These threats include divergent missions among management authorities, lack of destination image and environmental problems.
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Kozic I et al. Exploring spatial impact of tourism development on the protected areas from the TALC model perspective [M]. |
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Synergy and congestion in the tourist destination life cycle [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.11.018 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Discussion of agglomeration and clustering in the tourist area life cycle (TALC) literature has not led to a corresponding change of the principal equation used to formalize the model. This paper proposes a modification that accounts for the synergies between the accommodation, entertainment, and other components of a tourist destination. The modified model is contrasted with the original TALC and estimated for a cross-section of Caribbean and other island destinations. Estimations based on visitor expenditures and experts' evaluations of destination authenticity are compared. The results illustrate how parameters representing synergy and congestion vary across tourism styles and time. The implications for destination growth are illustrated by comparing the solution to the proposed model with the TALC. The model exposes a core dilemma that while destinations should realize positive synergies to achieve self-sustaining growth, with this threshold achieved, the resulting pace of investment may drive destinations to overshoot, and uneven growth.
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-05-13014 .-05-13014 . |
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Recovery of destinations: an examination using the tourism area life cycle[R] . |
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The "vicious circle" of tourism development in heritage cities [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00029-9 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Le “cercle vicieux” du développement du tourisme aux villes patrimoniales. Cet article examine les multiples relations parmi l'organisation spatiale du tourisme, la qualité des produits de tourisme dans les villes patrimoniales et la dynamique des économies régionales. La notion du “cercle vicieux” décrit le lien autoalimentant entre l'émergence d'une classe de touristes d'excursion dans les dernières phases du cycle de vie d'une destination et le déclin du charme d'une ville. On fait allusion au cas de Venise. Selon le schéma de l'article, une politique efficace du tourisme durable devrait s'attaquer aux points critiques où s'alimente le cercle vicieux, par exemple, à la qualité et à l'accessibilité des ressources culturelles.
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| [38] |
基于系统科学的旅游地演化机制及规律性初探 [J].
现阶段旅游地复杂系统演化相关研究成果一方面很难辨析旅游地生命周期理论及其个案论争，另一方面由于无法深入研究系统演化背后的运行机制及其规律性，从而无法形成理论研究体系与范式。有鉴于此，本文作者以系统科学为指导，在明确旅游地复杂系统演化涵义的基础上，以旅游地
Preliminary discussion about the evolutionary mechanism of tourism destination based on system science .
现阶段旅游地复杂系统演化相关研究成果一方面很难辨析旅游地生命周期理论及其个案论争，另一方面由于无法深入研究系统演化背后的运行机制及其规律性，从而无法形成理论研究体系与范式。有鉴于此，本文作者以系统科学为指导，在明确旅游地复杂系统演化涵义的基础上，以旅游地
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| [39] |
Tourism destination development: cycles and forces, myths and realities [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2009.11081600 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) has had a relatively long life and has been applied in many situations but also has been criticized for not being capable of explaining the reasons behind the process of development being discussed. One form of analysis which has particular relevance to the TALC in this context is Force Field Analysis (FFA), an approach, like the original Product Life Cycle model, adopted from the business literature. The paper begins with a brief discussion of the TALC model and its continued relevance, and then examines the potential application of FFA. It is argued in the conclusion that the combination of the two models may provide researchers with a better means of explaining the development process of destinations in a non-statistical manner and aiding a movement towards sustainability.
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| [40] |
Economic linkages and impacts across the TALC [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2010.11.014 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Many agricultural-based economies over the last fifty years have transitioned to service-dominant economies. Tourism is often a large part of this transition. It is often unclear how the output and income impacts of tourism change as the value and volume of tourism evolves. This research uses a variety of tools to evaluate the economic importance of tourism to Hawaii as it moves through the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC). The results show that the size of tourism’s economic contribution is dependent on the import propensity of tourists’ spend as well as the import propensities of tourism oriented sectors and their backward and forward linkages while the CGE model highlights the fact that welfare is maximised at the zenith of tourism growth.
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旅游地生命周期研究进展 [J].https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-2443.2006.06.022 URL 摘要
旅游地生命周期理论自提出后受到国内外学者的广泛关注.本文首先介绍了Butler的旅游地生命周期理论内容,然后对国内外学者关于旅游地生命周期的研究分别进行了分析,最后进行总结并指出国内外学者进一步研究的可能趋势.
Retrospect of research on the resort lifecycle .https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-2443.2006.06.022 URL 摘要
旅游地生命周期理论自提出后受到国内外学者的广泛关注.本文首先介绍了Butler的旅游地生命周期理论内容,然后对国内外学者关于旅游地生命周期的研究分别进行了分析,最后进行总结并指出国内外学者进一步研究的可能趋势.
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| [42] |
旅游地生命周期研究的回顾和展望 [J].Retrospect and prospect of study on resort life cycle . |
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Tourism life cycle and sustainability analysis: Profit-focused strategies for mature destinations [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2011.03.001 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Tourist destinations tend to follow similar development patterns. Eventually, all destinations enter the market maturity stage leading to a decline in visitors. To prevent visitor decline, tourism managers and policy makers try to reposition their destinations appealing to more tourist segments. A multi-segment strategy is expensive and may create a fuzzy destination image, further accelerating the decline. An alternative strategy extends Zeithaml, Rust, and Lemon’s (2001) customer pyramid theory. This paper applies customer pyramid theory to Turkey’s tourism industry. Precise targeting of the most loyal visitors (Platinum tourists) creates a less costly and more focused marketing strategy leading to a sustainable tourism industry. Loyal Platinum tourists tend to be less price sensitive than other visitors. The discussion includes strategies to convert Gold and Iron category tourists to Platinum providing additional growth opportunities.
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| [44] |
Oligopoly and the resort cycle in the Bahamas [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(90)90024-L URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
Markusen's “profit cycle” and the influence of oligopoly are applied to Butler's notion of the resort cycle. The stagnation and decline associated with the latter stages of the resort cycle can be explained by industrial organization and the oligopolistic position of the major suppliers. The study area of Paradise Island (Bahamas) appears to be a clear example of how the corporate strategies of a major supplier can dramatically influence the resort cycle process. Resorts subjected to long-term oligopoly can experience eventual declines in the number of visitors because of an emphasis on market share and competitive stability, at the expense of innovation and diversification.
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| [45] |
The tourism area lifecycle and regime switching models [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.05.006 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
The area lifecycle concept postulates that a destination should enjoy varying levels of popularity over time and, as a result, the growth in arrivals should follow an s-shaped path. To test the concept, this study uses Markov-switching models and quarterly observations for Barbados over the period 1957–2002. The key finding of the paper is that the framework does adequately represent the growth in arrivals from individual markets. However, there does not exist a common lifecycle relationship, which is applicable to all source markets. This suggests that policies aimed at rejuvenating growth for a particular destination should take into account the specific peculiarities of individual source markets.RésuméLe cycle de vie d’une région touristique et les modèles à changements de régime. Le concept du cycle de vie d’une région pose comme principe qu’une destination devrait jouir de différents niveaux de popularitésur une période de temps, et que, comme résultat, la croissance des arrivées devrait suivre une courbe en forme de S. Pour évaluer le concept, cette étude utilise des modèles à changements de régime markoviens et des observations trimestrielles pour la Barbade pendant la période entre 1957 et 2002. Le résultat-clé de l’article est que le cadre conceptuel représente de manière adéquate la croissance dans les arrivées des marchés individuels. Cependant, il n’existe pas de relation commune de cycle de vie qui soit applicable à tous les marchés de source. Cela suggère que les politiques qui visent à rajeunir la croissance pour une destination particulière devraient tenir compte des particularités spécifiques des marchés de source individuels.
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| [46] |
Locked in decline? On the role of regional lock-ins in old industrial areas [M] |
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Can the Butler's tourist area cycle of evolution be applied to find the maximum tourism level? A comparison of Norway and Iceland to other OECD countries [J].https://doi.org/10.1080/15022250.2015.1064325 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
This research seeks to analyze the S-shape of the Butler's tourist area cycle of evolution in order to capture the maximum tourist level. It is the first time this type of economic regression modeling is performed for the Butler's tourist area cycle of evolution, referred to as the tourism area life cycle (TALC) model. Also, this is the very first time the cycle is applied to forecast a potential peak in inbound tourists in a particular country and sample of countries. To capture the non-monotonic relationship of the cycle, a fifth-degree polynomial is put forward, accounting for government, banks, roads, skilled labor, and Internet application. Results indicate that the S-shape of the Butler's tourist area cycle of evolution can be captured with a polynomial function for a range of OECD countries, as well as for Norway and Iceland combined and for Iceland solely. This can be interesting as well as useful for tourism researchers seeking to explain the flow of tourists. The main implication of this study to managers and tourism policy planners is the potential to apply the TALC model to estimate development and potential peaks in the tourism industry in advance, years before the tourist level reaches maturity at the top.
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| [48] |
An evolutionary perspective on tourism area development [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2012.12.004 URL [本文引用: 1] 摘要
To further develop our existing knowledge on the evolution of tourism areas, a more systematic and theoretical analysis is required. In the paper, we argue that the ongoing ‘evolutionary turn’ in economic geography could offer a powerful thrust to the theoretical discussion on tourism area evolution. In particular, two interlinked concepts derived from evolutionary economic geography, namely path dependence and coevolution are argued to bring the debate around the literature of tourism area life cycle substantially forward. We reinterpret the case of the Gold Coast, Australia with the explanation of two theoretical frameworks in the empirical context. The paper concludes by arguing for a combination of both a path dependence and coevolution perspective to analyze tourism area development.
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A logistic tourism model: resort cycles, globalization and chaos [J].https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.07.004 URL [本文引用: 1] |
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旅游地网络的演化与时空特征研究——以黄山风景区及汤口社区为例 [J].
<p>旅游地网络演化研究有助于揭示旅游地各种利益相关者是如何形成一个由各种关系交织而成的多元、复杂、交叉重叠的旅游地产业体系.以旅游地生命周期和社会网络理论为基础,以黄山风景区及其依托城镇汤口社区所形成的旅游地网络为研究对象,通过各发展各阶段中的变化及其影响因素的分析,按照"士大夫旅游背景下的寺庙管理模式、半官方和官方管理式的外事接待模式"等5个阶段进行网络结构的展示和分析,并探索了其演化发展的过程和机制.结果显示,黄山旅游地网络经历了"无连接-政府主导的星型网络-政府、地方社区企业两个主导网络成分-社区旅游广泛参与下的多类型、多层次的行动者互动网络"的过程.并将进入社区主导的旅游地网络阶段,并且随着旅游地网络的不断完善,黄山旅游地可持续发展的能力将得到增强.</p>
Zhang Jinhe et al. The process and spatial-temporal feature of tourism destination network evolution:A case study of MT. Huangshan scenic area and Tangkou .
<p>旅游地网络演化研究有助于揭示旅游地各种利益相关者是如何形成一个由各种关系交织而成的多元、复杂、交叉重叠的旅游地产业体系.以旅游地生命周期和社会网络理论为基础,以黄山风景区及其依托城镇汤口社区所形成的旅游地网络为研究对象,通过各发展各阶段中的变化及其影响因素的分析,按照"士大夫旅游背景下的寺庙管理模式、半官方和官方管理式的外事接待模式"等5个阶段进行网络结构的展示和分析,并探索了其演化发展的过程和机制.结果显示,黄山旅游地网络经历了"无连接-政府主导的星型网络-政府、地方社区企业两个主导网络成分-社区旅游广泛参与下的多类型、多层次的行动者互动网络"的过程.并将进入社区主导的旅游地网络阶段,并且随着旅游地网络的不断完善,黄山旅游地可持续发展的能力将得到增强.</p>
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