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地理科学  2018 , 38 (7): 1098-1106 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2018.07.011

中国精准扶贫的省域差异及影响因素

刘春腊1, 2, , 黄嘉钦1, 龚娟1, 谢炳庚1

1.湖南师范大学资源与环境科学学院,湖南 长沙 410081
2.湖南省人居环境学研究基地,湖南 衡阳 421002

Provincial Difference and Influencing Factors of Targeted Poverty Alleviation in China

Liu Chunla1, 2, , Huang Jiaqin1, Gong Juan1, Xie Binggeng1

1.College of Resources and Environment Sciences, Hunan Norman University, Changsha 410081, Hunan, China
2.Hunan Provincial Key Research Base of Social Sciences for Human Settlements, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China

中图分类号:  K901.2

文献标识码:  A

文章编号:  1000-0690（2018）07-1098-09

版权声明:  2018 《地理科学》编辑部 本文是开放获取期刊文献，在以下情况下可以自由使用：学术研究、学术交流、科研教学等，但不允许用于商业目的.

基金资助:  国家自然科学基金项目 (41601143)、教育部人文社会科学青年科学基金项目(16YJC840012)、湖南省社会科学成果评审委员会课题(XSP18YBZ059)、湖南省科技创新决策咨询暨软科学重点项目(2017ZK3062)、湖南省人居环境学研究基地开放基金项目(RJ18K01)资助

作者简介:

作者简介:刘春腊（1985-）,男,湖南衡阳人,博士,讲师,主要从事人文地理与区域发展研究。E-mail: liuchunla111@163.com

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摘要

基于地理学视角,运用省域尺度的相关资料和数据,从扶贫标准、扶贫方式、扶贫主体等方面,探寻中国精准扶贫存在的省域差异,并分析了区域自然环境条件、省域资源禀赋、经济社会条件等因素对精准扶贫的影响。在扶贫标准上,经济发展水平较高的省份扶贫标准较高,经济发展水平较低的省份扶贫标准较低;在扶贫对象识别上,各省在结合自身精准扶贫实践的基础上实施了具有地域特色的扶贫识别方法;扶贫方式方面,各省不同程度实施了产业扶贫、金融扶贫等;扶贫主体上,中央政府财政转移支付和省内各级政府对行政区域的扶贫为中国各省域精准扶贫的主要形式。

关键词： 精准扶贫 ; 省域差异 ; 中国

Abstract

Owing to the differences in economic and social development level, national policy orientation, natural geographical environment, poverty causes, etc, there are some regional differences in the practice work of poverty alleviation between provinces in China. Based on geographical perspective, used relevant data in provincial scale, this article analyzed the precise poverty alleviation’s provincial difference in poverty alleviation standard, poverty alleviation method, poverty alleviation subject and etc. This article also analyzed the impact of regional natural environment conditions, provincial resource endowment, economic and social conditions and other factors on targeted poverty alleviation. On the standard of poverty alleviation, provinces with high economic development level have higher standards of poverty alleviation, provinces with low level of economic development have low standard of poverty alleviation. In the identification of poverty alleviation object, each province had summed up the identification methods of poverty alleviation with regional characteristics, which based on their own targeted poverty alleviation practice. In the form of poverty alleviation, industrial poverty alleviation, financial poverty alleviation and etc, had been used by each province with varying degrees. In the subject of poverty alleviation, the central government's fiscal transfer payment, and the poverty alleviation at the provincial level by governments and personnel at all levels, are the main subjects of poverty alleviation in each province of China.

Keywords： targeted poverty alleviation ; provincial differences ; China

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刘春腊, 黄嘉钦, 龚娟, 谢炳庚. 中国精准扶贫的省域差异及影响因素[J]. 地理科学, 2018, 38(7): 1098-1106 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2018.07.011

Liu Chunla, Huang Jiaqin, Gong Juan, Xie Binggeng. Provincial Difference and Influencing Factors of Targeted Poverty Alleviation in China[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2018, 38(7): 1098-1106 https://doi.org/10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2018.07.011

贫困是人类发展中的重要问题[1,2],对扶贫的研究也是国内外学者关注的重点。国外的研究主要集中在贫困原因[3,4]、扶贫模式[5,6]、扶贫经验[7,8]、贫困标准及贫困测度[9,10]、反贫困战略及政策[11,12]、反贫困效果测量[13]等方面。国内对于精准扶贫的研究大多是从农村贫困化地域特征及分异机制[14,15]、扶贫策略与方式[15,16]、扶贫机制及标准[14,16]、扶贫成效评估[17]等方面开展的理论研究及结合典型案例[18]的分析。当前对全国省域尺度精准扶贫的差异对比研究尚且少见,本研究对中国精准扶贫区域差异的认知与调控有着一定的理论与实践意义。

1 对中国精准扶贫的总体认识

在中国精准扶贫实践中,国家层面,制定了《建立精准扶贫工作机制实施方案》等具体政策[17],通过对贫困户、贫困村进行精准识别、精准帮扶、精准管理和精准考核,引导各类扶贫资源优化配置,实现扶贫到村到户和长效脱贫[19]。当前,精准扶贫已成为全国各地的工作重点,也取得了显著成效。比如2016年底四川省农村贫困人口从2012年底的750万减至272万,贫困发生率从11.5%降至4.3%[20];2016年贵州省通过易地扶贫等方式,减少贫困人口120.80万人[21];安徽省贫困人口从2012年的163.45万人下降到2016年的65.80万人,贫困发生率由18.5%下降到7.3%[22]。

参考已有相关研究成果[23,24,25]及中国精准扶贫的实践情况,可将精准扶贫的基本框架及要点归纳为扶贫主体、扶贫客体、扶贫标准、扶贫方式与途径等方面。在此基础上,结合中国精准扶贫的实际情况,本文从精准扶贫的扶贫标准、扶贫对象、扶贫方式、扶贫主体等方面对中国精准扶贫的省域差异进行分析。

2 中国精准扶贫的省域差异分析

2.1 扶贫标准的差异

扶贫标准,又称为贫困标准、贫困线,是指在一定地域范围和社会发展阶段,维持人们基本生存所必需消费物品和服务的最低费用[26]。在中国,对扶贫标准的把握,参照国家标准执行,即农民人均纯收入以上年度的国家农村扶贫标准为基本依据,对符合条件的农户整户识别。农民人均纯收入由年家庭各类收入总和扣除生产经营性支出后,除以家庭常住人口数计算得出[27]。

中国地域广阔,各省经济发展水平差异大,国家扶贫标准不宜“一刀切”。在国家标准的基础上,一些省份结合自身实际情况,对扶贫标准进行调整。以2015年扶贫标准为例,国家标准为2 855元。在此基础上,各省规定了各自的扶贫标准（图1）。总体而言,经济相对发达的东部省份（如浙江、广东、江苏等）,扶贫标准较高;经济欠发达的中西部省份（如河南、甘肃、西藏等）,扶贫标准较低。

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图1   各省域精准扶贫标准及对比
数据单位为“元”,数据来源于各省网络公布的扶贫标准,内蒙古使用牧区标准,上海、北京、天津以及港澳台的相关数据未检索到

Fig.1   Comparison of each province’s standard of targeted poverty alleviation

2.2 扶贫对象识别方法的差异

扶贫对象识别方法是基于收入维度,由基层通过民主评议等程序识别贫困人口[28]。由于贫困户收入来源以农业经营和非正规就业为主,贫困户收入统计相对困难、具有一定的不完整性,因此基于收入单一维度确定的扶贫标准线仅具有一定参考价值。精准扶贫要转向健康、教育、就业等多维度的综合贫困识别。

各省结合自身精准扶贫实践,先后探索出具有省域特色的精准识别方法（表1）。在参照扶贫标准和民主评议识别贫困人口的基础上,部分省份结合自身实际情况,对扶贫对象进行调整。如云南“直过民族”①(① 指从原始社会末期直接过渡到社会主义社会的民族,包括独龙、德昂、基诺、怒、布朗、景颇、傈僳、拉祜、佤等民族。)是云南省扶贫的重点对象[29]。江西、安徽等省份实施的革命老区脱贫,在乡退伍红军老战士、在乡西路军红军老战士、红军失散人员、在乡复员老军人等是红色根据地扶贫的关注重点[30]。新疆实施先北疆后南疆策略和边境扶贫,对15个边境县实施重点“滴灌”式扶贫[31]。黑龙江深度发掘特困片区及革命老区、边境地区、民族地区的区位优势和旅游资源,加快片区及革命老区、民族地区和边疆地区整体脱贫[32]。

表1   各省域的精准扶贫对象识别方法

Table 1   Comparison of each province’s object identification methods of targeted poverty alleviation

省份精准扶贫对象识别方法
云南以“五看、五不录”为标准,以“四见”为基本依据
贵州“四看法”：一看房、二看粮、三看劳力强不强、四看有无读书郎
甘肃“9871”识别法：“9不准”直接排除法、8项定性指标问卷判断法、7项定量指标综合积分排序法和1次民主评议
宁夏十步法：户申请、组提名、入户查、村初评、乡复核、县审批、三公示、一公告、系统管、动态调
云南七评法：一评住房、二评生活、三评生产、四评劳力、五评健康、六评教育、七评负债
四川十步工作法：宣传发动、普遍调查、规模控制、农户申请、初步公示、听取意见、深度核查、民主评定、公示公告
安徽六看六必问法：看房,看粮,看劳动力强不强,看有没有读书郎,看有没有病人睡在床,看有没有恶习沾染上;问土地,问收支, 问子女,问务工,问意愿,问党员干部、左邻右舍、能人大户
河南“一进二看三算四比五议六定”工作法

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2.3 扶贫方式的差异

由于客观存在的贫困对象、贫困区域等方面的差异,精准扶贫的具体方式也呈现出多样化的局面。通过对现有资料的查阅整理,笔者将各省精准扶贫的方式进行了规整（表2）。各省不同程度开展了产业扶贫、金融扶贫、扶智扶贫、基础设施扶贫、易地扶贫、社会扶贫、健康扶贫等扶贫方式。重庆、湖南、湖北、贵州、陕西和江西等省实施了农村小水电扶贫[33]。黑龙江、新疆开展了庭院经济扶贫[34]。西藏、甘肃和宁夏等重点推进了生态补偿扶贫[35]。重庆落实法律扶贫,为脱贫攻坚战工作提供法律保障[36]。新疆开展咸水淡化项目,缓解贫困地区淡水资源匮乏问题[37]。

表2   各省域的精准扶贫主要方式

Table 2   Comparison of each province’s main methods of targeted poverty alleviation

省域精准扶贫主要方式
广西扶智扶贫、就业扶贫、产业扶贫、健康扶贫、金融扶贫、社会兜底
贵州产业扶贫、基础设施扶贫、易地扶贫、扶智扶贫、健康扶贫、金融扶贫、社会兜底、生态扶贫、社会扶贫、能源扶贫
黑龙江扶智扶贫、能源扶贫、社会扶贫、产业扶贫、生态扶贫、就业扶贫、健康扶贫、社会兜底
湖南产业扶贫、能源扶贫、金融扶贫、基础设施扶贫、易地扶贫、社会兜底、健康扶贫
江苏产业扶贫、能源扶贫、就业扶贫、扶智扶贫、健康扶贫、社会扶贫、基础设施扶贫、社会兜底
江西能源扶贫、产业扶贫、扶智扶贫、基础设施扶贫、社会兜底、易地扶贫、就业扶贫、金融扶贫
辽宁社会扶贫、社会兜底、健康扶贫、扶智扶贫、基础设施扶贫、产业扶贫、能源扶贫、易地扶贫、金融扶贫
内蒙古产业扶贫、易地扶贫、基础设施扶贫、扶智扶贫、健康扶贫、金融扶贫、生态扶贫、社会兜底
四川金融扶贫、健康扶贫、产业扶贫、扶智扶贫、就业扶贫、基础设施扶贫、易地扶贫、生态扶贫、社会扶贫
新疆就业扶贫、易地扶贫、产业扶贫、扶智扶贫、健康扶贫、社会兜底、基础设施扶贫、金融扶贫、能源扶贫
云南产业扶贫、易地扶贫、基础设施扶贫、扶智扶贫、金融扶贫、生态扶贫、社会兜底、健康扶贫
重庆产业扶贫、金融扶贫、社会扶贫、能源扶贫、扶智扶贫、社会兜底
广东社会扶贫、产业扶贫、基础设施扶贫、健康扶贫、金融扶贫、扶智扶贫
山西产业扶贫、金融扶贫、易地扶贫、能源扶贫、社会扶贫
陕西
河北
吉林
浙江
安徽
福建
山东
河南		产业扶贫、易地扶贫、社会扶贫、基础设施扶贫、健康扶贫、生态扶贫、就业扶贫、社会兜底、能源扶贫
产业扶贫、能源扶贫、金融扶贫、社会扶贫、健康扶贫、就业扶贫、易地扶贫、基础设施扶贫
产业扶贫、能源扶贫、金融扶贫、社会扶贫、健康扶贫、就业扶贫、易地扶贫、扶智扶贫、基础设施扶贫
产业扶贫、就业扶贫、易地扶贫、金融扶贫、健康扶贫、能源扶贫
产业扶贫、能源扶贫、就业扶贫、健康扶贫、金融扶贫、易地扶贫
产业扶贫、能源扶贫、就业扶贫、健康扶贫、金融扶贫、易地扶贫、扶智扶贫
产业扶贫、金融扶贫、扶智扶贫、易地扶贫、能源扶贫、社会扶贫
社会扶贫、易地扶贫、产业扶贫、基础设施扶贫、就业扶贫、金融扶贫、能源扶贫、健康扶贫
湖北
海南
西藏
甘肃
青海
宁夏		产业扶贫、能源扶贫、金融扶贫、社会扶贫、健康扶贫、就业扶贫、易地扶贫 基础设施扶贫
产业扶贫、扶智扶贫、金融扶贫、光伏能源扶贫
产业扶贫、基础设施扶贫、社会扶贫、就业扶贫、易地扶贫、金融扶贫、扶智扶贫、生态扶贫
产业扶贫、能源扶贫、金融扶贫、社会扶贫、健康扶贫、就业扶贫、易地扶贫、基础设施扶贫、生态扶贫
就业扶贫、产业扶贫、能源扶贫、健康扶贫、金融扶贫、扶智扶贫
易地扶贫、扶智扶贫、健康扶贫、就业扶贫

注：产业扶贫包括旅游扶贫、特色产业扶贫、电商扶贫、庭院经济;扶智扶贫包括教育扶贫、技能培训、文化扶贫、科技扶贫;社会扶贫包括结对帮扶、志愿服务扶贫、彩票公益金扶贫;基础设施扶贫包括安居扶贫、交通扶贫、水利设施扶贫;能源扶贫包括光伏扶贫、农村小水电扶贫;金融扶贫包括信贷扶贫、保险扶贫;生态扶贫包括生态补偿扶贫、植树造林扶贫。

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2.4 扶贫主体的差异

经笔者分析总结,精准扶贫有以下6类主体：① 跨省的政府间帮扶;② 中央政府通过财政转移实施的扶贫;③ 省内各级政府及政府人员对行政区域内的扶贫;④ 社会组织扶贫;⑤ 企事业单位帮扶;⑥ 龙头大户带动帮扶。各省份6种扶贫主体均有涉及,中央政府通过财政转移支付实施的精准扶贫和省内各级政府对行政区域内的扶贫为中国各省域精准扶贫的主体。

跨省的政府间帮扶主要体现在经济水平较高省份对经济水平较低省份的对口扶贫,如2017年深圳市对口支援和扶贫协作工作涉及7省34县区,包括援疆、援藏、对口广西扶贫协作以及对口支援重庆巫山、四川甘孜和对口哈尔滨合作等[38]。中央政府通过财政转移实施的扶贫体现在中央对贫困地区的一般性转移支付,对贫困地区属于国家鼓励发展的内外资投资项目和中西部地区外商投资优势产业项目在规定范围内免征关税等。省内各级政府及人员对行政区域内的帮扶,比如内蒙古自治区实施“领导包片、单位包村、干部包户”政策,30个旗副处级以上领导联系包扶全旗78个嘎查村（牧场）,成立了78个嘎查村扶贫工作队,全旗354名干部联系帮扶2 017户建档立卡贫困户（包括2016年已脱贫户）[39]。社会组织扶贫,比如哈尔滨市红十字会携手爱心人士到延寿县开展扶贫捐赠活动[40],明日之星基金会向林甸县义务教育中小学校捐赠了价值40万元的教育信息化设备等[41]。企事业单位帮扶如中山市小榄镇人民医院和潮安华侨医院的20多名优秀医生为潮州贫困村民免费看病、免费检查和送药[42]。龙头大户带动的扶贫形式,比如舍烹村在能人带动下,成立合作社、公司,发展猕猴桃、刺梨、蓝莓、特色蔬菜等特色产业,依托生态资源发展旅游业等[43]。

3 中国精准扶贫省域差异的影响要素

参考已有相关研究成果[44,45],结合中国精准扶贫省域差异的实际情况,可以将中国精准扶贫的影响要素归纳为自然地理环境条件、省域资源禀赋、农村资本投入方式、贫困人口自身因素、其他影响要素等方面（图2）。

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图2   中国精准扶贫省域差异的影响要素及作用框架

Fig.2   Main influencing factors and interaction framework of targeted poverty alleviation’s provincial difference in China

3.1 自然地理环境条件

自然条件的限制是中国连片特困地区致贫的普遍原因。首先,连片特困地区大多分布在高原、山地和丘陵地带,地形地貌复杂,自然环境恶劣,生态脆弱,人均耕地少,土壤贫瘠。其次,一些贫困地区自然灾害频发,经常遭受旱、涝、冰、风等自然灾害,容易导致因灾返贫,扶贫难度相对较大。再次,部分贫困地区毁林垦荒现象严重,破坏了当地生态环境,导致水土流失,制约了农业生产的发展,影响当地脱贫进度。最后,部分贫困地区自然资源丰富,但是在生态脆弱、地形复杂、基础设施落后等条件的制约下难以有效开发利用,很难将资源优势转化为经济优势（这种现象在西部地区尤为常见）。中国14个集中连片特困地区都不同程度地存在自然地理条件恶劣问题,如吕梁山区地形复杂、沟壑纵横、耕地缺少、干旱与水土流失严重;六盘山集中连片特困地区地形破碎、干旱缺水、地质灾害频发、水土流失严重。恶劣的自然地理环境条件是造成这些地区贫困的重要原因。

3.2 省域资源禀赋

省域资源禀赋对其自身扶贫方式的选择具有重要影响。扶贫方式的选择应具有资源适应性,以发挥省域资源优势,促进贫困人口精准脱贫。连片特困地区良好的生态环境使得其在中药材及特色农产品等方面具有一定优势。位于湖南罗霄山片区的安仁县素有“南国药都”美誉,被认定为全省首批中药材种植基地示范县,2016年安仁县共种植中药材1 300余公顷,带动800多户贫困户参加种植[46]。生态环境良好、旅游资源丰富地区常实施旅游扶贫,如浙江开化推进国家公园建设,利用处于长三角接近客源市场的优势,乡村旅游发展迅速,2016年接待游客629.48万人次、旅游收入38.8亿元,成为低收入农户“脱贫摘帽”的关键[47]。风力资源和太阳能资源丰富的地区实施能源扶贫,如光伏扶贫、风电扶贫等,北京京能新能源有限公司在甘肃省会宁县党家岘乡丁沟乡投资建设30万kW风电扶贫项目,每1万kW风电效益需向县政府缴纳精准扶贫资金100万元,用于基础设施建设、捐资助学等[48]。河湖等湿地资源丰富地区适宜发展养殖,森林资源丰富地区适宜发展林下种植和经济林扶贫等。

3.3 省域经济发展水平差异

一个省域的经济发展水平决定其财政转移支付能力的高低,具有较高经济发展水平的省份,扶贫标准较高,有能力更好地帮扶精准扶贫对象,惠及更多贫困人口。地方财力有限,则扶贫能力弱。如浙江省（2013~2017年）扶贫开发计划,将扶贫标准提高至4 600元,高于国家扶贫标准;广东省以农村居民年人均可支配收入低于4 000元作为相对贫困人口的认定标准;江苏省“十三五”时期扶贫标准为收入6 000元,涉及276万人;而西藏、新疆、贵州、云南等地2015年扶贫标准仅为2 855元/人,远低于江苏、广东等省份。

3.4 农村资本投入方式

农业生产活动的资本投入来源主要包括农户自身积累资本、银行信贷资金和政府部门的支农资金等。从农户自身积累资本看,贫困农户的自身资本积累不足,其纯收入除了满足日常生活消费支出外,基本上没有剩余资金满足农业资本的投入。从银行信贷资金来看,特困地区比一般农村地区获取信贷资金更难。农户自身积累资本不足和银行信贷难,导致贫困人口由于缺资金无法发展生产而致贫[49]。基于此,各省都采取了相应措施。比如,吉林省通过改变散户经营,实现农场规模化经营,在土地收益保障贷款的有力支撑下,不仅有效破解了农民贷款难题,还吸引了金融机构的加入,形成良性农村金融环境,逐步探索出一条金融支撑农业发展的转型之路[50]。山东省从2016年开始,通过“草根当家”聚焦农村金融,利用互联网降低了农户接触门槛,并通过大数据征信技术,为用户绘制精准“信用画像”,以完善风控,推出更适合农村群体的金融服务模式[51]。

3.5 贫困人口自身因素

个人因素主要体现为贫困人口脱贫意识和脱贫能力等方面。首先,许多贫困农户思想保守落后,等、靠、要的思想较为严重,他们缺乏脱贫致富的主体意识、参与意识和内生动力,导致贫困的恶性循环。例如,高山地区自然条件恶劣,人均收入水平低下,且部分当地居民进取心弱,影响了脱贫进程,增加了精准扶贫的难度[52]。其次,一些贫困地区长期以来教育投入匮乏,教育资源配置不均,贫困户受教育水平低,劳动素质低、技能差,只能从事低报酬劳动,容易陷入“因贫致愚-因愚致贫”的恶性循环。更为严重的是一些农民（乃至农村青年）意识不到知识的重要性,不少农村孩子辍学务工,造成农民整体文化水平呈下降趋势,这也是贫困往往发生在广大农村地区的重要原因。

3.6 其他影响因素

除了上述原因外,一些贫困地区自身定位不够准确、决策失误,导致难以脱贫;一些地方政府扶贫存在数字上追赶达标或者消极应对、避重就轻的做法,造成脱贫难;一些地区缺少相关政策的精准扶持,导致脱贫速度缓慢;一些重要的自然、社会资源的保护,导致贫困地区难以进行开发等因素,也会造成各省的扶贫差异。

4 结论与讨论

中国精准扶贫的省域差异是省域自然地理环境、资源禀赋、经济发展水平以及精准扶贫自身的复杂性等因素所决定的,同时与扶贫政策导向密切相关。各省因地制宜地综合采用不同的扶贫方式,同时各有重点、抓住关键。总体而言,中央及地方政府是精准扶贫的主导者,社会组织扶贫、企事业单位帮扶和龙头大户带动等形式亦比较常见,精准扶贫需要社会各界力量的广泛参与,形成社会合力。在浙江、江苏、广东等经济发展水平较高省份,其扶贫标准比西藏、贵州等经济相对欠发达省份高,惠及更多贫困人口。

当前中国各省精准扶贫的实践案例各具特色,各级政府也针对性地采取扶贫措施。但精准扶贫的省域差异并非越大越好,应采取科学措施加以管控。本文建议：① 各省遵循地域差异规律,加强对省域精准扶贫对象识别、扶贫标准、扶贫方式、扶贫形式等关键问题的理论和实践研究;② 在中央财政转移支付和省内各级政府对行政区域内扶贫的主导下,加大企事业单位、非政府组织、个人等社会力量扶贫参与力度,引导和促进公众参与,形成精准扶贫的社会合力;③ 各省根据自身自然环境条件和资源禀赋,创新发展方式,将自然资源优势转为经济优势,因地制宜的开展扶贫工作;④ 鉴于农户资本积累不足、无法高效发展生产等问题,需加大中央政府财政转移支付对贫困农户的农业生产支持力度,扩宽农户银行信贷途径,大力发展小额信贷扶贫,减小农户信贷难度;⑤ 加强精准扶贫宣传教育,增强贫困户发展的主人翁意识,积极主动脱贫,形成外部多元扶贫与内部自我脱贫的良性互动机制;⑥ 对于无劳动能力的贫困人口,加强社会保障兜底扶贫,保障绝对贫困人口的稳定脱贫。

本文在探究中国省域精准扶贫方式、扶贫对象识别、扶贫标准、扶贫主体差异性等的基础上,基于地理学的综合视角,对影响中国精准扶贫省域差异性的要素作了初步分析。中国地域广阔、自然地理环境差异巨大,对各省、各个具体案例地区精准扶贫的研究、比较和总结归纳的工作量很大。一些地区尚且缺乏系统资料,运用不同尺度和视角研究同一地域也反映出不同问题。这些都给更深入地研究中国精准扶贫的省域差异带来了困难。同时,各省之间精准扶贫实践工作存在着较大差异性,给我们的数据收集、资料整理等带来了一定难度,在一定程度上影响了研究结果的全面性、对比性。此外,由于中国精准扶贫差异性影响因素的多样性、贫困测度的多维性、精准扶贫差异性研究本身的复杂性,上述关于中国精准扶贫差异的研究是从省域层面开展的初步、大致的研究,是关于精准扶贫地域差异研究的一种尝试,希望引起地理、经济、社会等领域专家学者更多的关注,促进贫困地理学的发展,同时为制定扶贫规划提供参考,推进减贫和区域协调发展。

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

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