Abstract: The Eastern Plain of Taihu Lake, located at west part of the Changjiang River Delta, could cater us exceptional information both about Holocene climate changes and human activity. Most of the Neolithic culture sites in the area could be successful to serve as the proxy profiles that contain both evidence for Holocene climatic variation and vestige of human settlement. Among them, Caoxieshan cultural site, 120°45’E, 31°22’N, is most typical and could enact as a unique paradigm. High resolution and continual records of pollen, grain size and magnetic susceptibility that span 5620 years from Caoxieshan cultural site, Suzhou provide a climatic context for Neolithic culture history. The origin and flourishing of Songze cultures overlapped the Holocene Hypsithermal Interval. Prior to 5365 a B.P., the climates were sustainably humid and warm, nevertheless, at the end of Songze cultures, a serious arid event centered at about 5365 a B.P. rendered the civilization degenerate. Ultimately, a harsh cold-wet event during the transition from the warm-humid Atlantic Phase to the warm-dry Subboreal Phase uppered the lake level of Yangcheng lake group significantly, made the Songze cultures vanish and left a 200 year regional hiatus of human occupation. After 5 160 a B.P., climates conversed as dry and warm, the lake retreated, Liangzhu cultures, a relatively well-developed civilization emerged.