长白山北坡林线岳桦种群动态对气候变化响应的坡向分异

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2012.02.199

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

选取长白山北坡岳桦(Betula ermanii)苔原交错带3个不同坡向（东北坡、东南坡、东坡）的岳桦径级结构为研究对象,分析坡向在岳桦种群动态与气候变化之间关系的异同。结果表明：三坡向的岳桦种群扩张和气温高低存在明显差异。14个生态气候指标与对应年份内繁殖且存活下来的岳桦棵数的逐步回归分析和相关分析表明三坡向岳桦种群扩张是对气温变化的积极响应,但响应有差异：东坡>东南坡>东北坡。不同坡向岳桦种群扩张的差异是对气温变化差异的响应。

关键词: 坡向分异, 径级结构, 林线变动, 气候变化

Abstract:

To discover the relation between Betula ermanii population dynamics and climate change on treeline ecotone of Changbai Mountains, 53 plots were selected on three different slope aspects (northeast, southeast, east slopes) through treeline ecotone on north slope of Changbai Mountains. Distributing character of the diameter-class (diameter at breast height (DBH)) structure of shrub and single-trunk forms were described by four aggregation indices. Trend analysis of distributing character was carried through by unitary linearity equations. Different reflection of the dynamics response of Betula ermanii population to climate change on different slope aspects was analyzed by stepwise regression and correlation analysis. The results are as follows：the results of trend analysis of the diameter-class distributing (slopes of equations are negative) shows the capacity expansion rate of shrub form is east slopes>southeast slopes>northeast slopes and that of single trunk form is northeast slopes>east slopes>southeast slopes. The population expansion is leapfrog and pulsatile from low to high (p>0.01).The result of One-way ANOVA displays that daily mean temperature on three slopes are significant differences (p<0.05) and the temperature change has synchronism. The results of correlation analysis between annual stem recruitment of Betula ermanii population and 14 ecological preferences of air temperature (1953 - 2008) show that the different response of population dynamics to climate change caused by different temperature on three slopes. The difference of climate change lead to different expansion of Betula ermanii population on different positions.

Key words: slopes aspect difference, diameter-class structure, treeline change, climate change

中图分类号:

K903

王晓东, 刘惠清. 长白山北坡林线岳桦种群动态对气候变化响应的坡向分异[J]. 地理科学, 2012, 32(2): 199-206.

Xiao-dong WANG, Hui-qing LIU. The Dynamics Response of Betula ermanii Population and Climate Change on Different Slopes Aspect of North Slope,Changbai Mountains[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2012, 32(2): 199-206.

图/表 7

图 1

表 1

表2

岳桦种群径级分布的聚集度指标"

样地编号	样方编号	灌丛状					乔木状
样地编号	样方编号	TD1	I	M^/m*	C_A	C	TD2	I	M^/m*	C_A	C
东坡	1	25	20.173	21.980	20.980	21.173	12	11.000	18.417	17.417	12.000
	2	22	1.996	3.359	2.359	2.996	10	9.000	18.100	17.100	10.000
	3	86	25.381	8.673	7.673	26.381	53	23.759	9.517	8.517	24.759
	4	34	3.513	3.686	2.686	4.513	61	25.288	8.877	7.877	26.288
	5	19	2.101	3.764	2.764	3.101	32	12.066	8.164	7.164	13.066
	6	11	1.113	3.630	2.630	2.113	74	35.884	10.214	9.214	36.884
	7	46	9.911	6.602	5.602	10.911	58	33.669	12.029	11.029	34.669
	8	67	27.660	11.734	10.734	28.660	58	25.370	9.311	8.311	26.370
	9	90	28.195	9.145	8.145	29.195	60	17.411	6.514	5.514	18.411
	10	34	16.421	13.557	12.557	17.421	48	19.336	8.654	7.654	20.336
	11	87	12.172	4.638	3.638	13.172	80	58.971	15.006	14.006	59.971
	12	75	13.486	5.675	4.675	14.486	49	33.567	14.016	13.016	34.567
	13	37	5.081	4.571	3.571	6.081	76	27.889	7.972	6.972	28.889
	14	49	7.801	5.139	4.139	8.801	118	24.773	4.989	3.989	25.773
	15	62	14.670	7.152	6.152	15.670	77	16.724	5.127	4.127	17.724
	16	61	5.511	3.349	2.349	6.511	2	-0.056	0.472	-0.528	0.944
	17	0	0.000	1.000	0.000	1.000	44	22.609	10.763	9.763	23.609
	18	18	3.942	6.694	5.694	4.942	11	2.707	5.676	4.676	3.707
	19	83	16.342	6.119	5.119	17.342	12	3.259	6.161	5.161	4.259
	20	217	43.274	6.185	5.185	44.274	22	4.975	5.296	4.296	5.975
	21	30	5.912	6.124	5.124	6.912	8	3.569	9.477	8.477	4.569
	22	9	2.684	8.755	7.755	3.684	6	3.241	11.262	10.262	4.241
	23	0	0.000	1.000	0.000	1.000	6	2.185	7.920	6.920	3.185
	24	9	6.151	18.770	17.770	7.151	11	5.010	9.654	8.654	6.010
	25	39	5.893	4.929	3.929	6.893	73	19.540	6.086	5.086	20.540
东北坡	1	0	0.000	1.000	0.000	1.000	4	3.000	15.250	14.250	4.000
	2	63	20.334	9.392	8.392	21.334	0	0.000	1.000	0.000	1.000
	3	0	0.000	1.000	0.000	1.000	64	33.214	10.860	9.860	34.214
	4	18	9.951	15.374	14.374	10.951	32	17.344	11.298	10.298	18.344
	5	33	7.418	6.845	5.845	8.418	45	44.000	19.578	18.578	45.000
	6	5	1.504	8.821	7.821	2.504	29	8.345	6.467	5.467	9.345
	7	0	0.000	1.000	0.000	1.000	23	16.493	14.625	13.625	17.493
	8	0	0.000	1.000	0.000	1.000	78	35.860	9.735	8.735	36.860
	9	11	1.680	4.971	3.971	2.680	51	11.876	5.424	4.424	12.876
	10	12	2.853	7.182	6.182	3.853	58	21.366	7.999	6.999	22.366
	11	0	0.000	1.000	0.000	1.000	53	22.126	8.932	7.932	23.126
	12	11	0.924	3.183	2.183	1.924	79	43.581	11.482	10.482	44.581
	13	25	4.032	5.193	4.193	5.032	38	37.000	19.500	18.500	38.000
东南坡	1	88	9.851	3.911	2.911	10.851	21	3.614	4.270	3.270	4.614
	2	45	7.854	5.538	4.538	8.854	61	16.878	6.257	5.257	17.878
	3	44	2.487	2.470	1.470	3.487	20	3.483	4.309	3.309	4.483
	4	82	16.596	6.262	5.262	17.596	10	0.978	2.858	1.858	1.978
	5	21	3.063	4.792	3.792	4.063	33	5.067	3.918	2.918	6.067
	6	97	8.147	3.184	2.184	9.147	55	11.125	4.843	3.843	12.125
	7	54	8.164	4.931	3.931	9.164	1	0.000	1.000	0.000	1.000
	8	104	5.620	2.405	1.405	6.620	63	11.668	4.519	3.519	12.668
	9	86	10.749	4.250	3.250	11.749	1	0.000	1.000	0.000	1.000
	10	18	1.631	3.356	2.356	2.631	31	25.982	16.925	15.925	26.982
	11	69	8.554	4.223	3.223	9.554	4	3.000	15.250	14.250	4.000
	12	41	1.850	2.173	1.173	2.850	4	1.417	7.729	6.729	2.417
	13	44	2.298	2.358	1.358	3.298	10	0.344	1.654	0.654	1.344
	14	70	2.262	1.840	0.840	3.262	34	1.147	1.641	0.641	2.147
	15	0	0.000	1.000	0.000	1.000	35	4.083	3.216	2.216	5.083

表2

表3

表4

表5

表6

参考文献 42

[1]	Korner C H.Alpine Plant Life:Functional Plant Ecology of High Mountain Ecosystems[M].Springer-Verlag,Germany,2003:344.
[2]	Korner C H, Paulsen J.A world 2 wide study of high altitude treeline temperatures[J].Journal of Biogeography,2004,31:713-732.
[3]	Malanson G P,Butler D R,Cairns D M.Variability in an edaphic indicator in alpine tundra[J].Catena,2002,49(3):203-215.
[4]	Camarero J J,Gutiérrez E,Fortin M J.Spatial pattern of subalpine forest-alpine grassland ecotones in the Spanish Central Pyrenees[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2000,134(1-3):1-16.
[5]	侯西勇,应兰兰,高猛,等.1998~2008年中国东部沿海植被覆盖变化特征[J].地理科学,2010,30(5):735~741.
[6]	Chen J Q,Franklin J F.Growing-season microclimate variability within an old-growth Douglas-fir forest[J].Clim Res,1997,8(1):21-34.
[7]	Klopatek J M,Conant R T,Francis J M.Implications of patterns of carbon pools and fluxes across a semiarid environmental gradient[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,1998,39(4):309-317.
[8]	Hansen L D,Church J N,Matheson S,et al.Kinetics of plant growth and metabolism[J].Thermochimica Acta,2002,388(1-2): 415-425.
[9]	Trivedi M R,Morecroft M D,Berry P M,et al.Terence P. DawsonPotential effects of climate change on plant communities in three montane nature reserves in Scotland,UK[J].Biological Conservation,2008,141:1665-1675.
[10]	Walsh S J,Butler D R,Malanson G P.Mapping,modeling,and visualization of the influences of geomorphic processes on the alpine treeline ecotone,Glacier National Park,MT,USA[J].Geomorphology,2003,53(1-2):129-145.
[11]	许林军,彭鸿,陈存根,等.秦岭太白红杉林分布及太白山高山林线特征的定量分析[J].西北植物学报,2005,25(5):968~972.
[12]	Hiemstra C A,Liston G E,Reiners W A.Observing, modelling, and validating snow redistribution by wind in a Wyoming upper treeline landscape[J].Ecological,2006,197(1-2):35-51.
[13]	南颖,刘志锋,董叶辉,等.2000~2008年长白山地区植被覆盖变化对气候的响应研究[J].地理科学,2010,30(6):921~928.
[14]	刘景双,朱颜明,黄锡畴,等.长白山岳桦林化学元素生物地球化学分析[J].地理科学,1998,18(5):457~462.
[15]	黄锡畴,刘德生,李祯.长白山北侧的自然景观带[J].地理学报,1959,25(6):435~446.
[16]	常禹,布仁仓,胡远满,等.长白山北坡苔原/岳桦景观边界的定量检测[J].地理科学,2003,23(4):478~483.
[17]	王晓春,韩士杰,邹春静,等.长白山岳桦种群格局的地统计学分析[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(7):781~784.
[18]	石培礼,李文华.长白山林线交错带形状与木本植物向苔原侵展和林线动态的关系[J].生态学报,2000,20(4):573~580.
[19]	Holmes R L.Comper-assisted quality control in tree-ring dating and measurement[J].Tree-Ring Bull,1983,43:69-78.
[20]	钱家驹. 长白山上岳桦林的调查研究[C]//《长白山上岳桦林的调查研究》编委会.长白山地理系统论文集(第1集).长春:东北师范大学出版社,1981:164~176.
[21]	周晓峰,王晓春,韩士杰,等.长白山岳桦苔原过渡带动态与气候变化[J].地学前缘,2002,9(1):227~231.
[22]	于大炮,周莉,董百丽,等.长白山北坡岳桦种群结构及动态分析[J].生态学杂志,2004,23(5):30~34.
[23]	景贵和. 综合自然地理学[M].长春:东北师范大学出版社,1990:112.
[24]	张军涛,李哲,郑度.东北农牧交错区水分条件及其对植被分布的影响[J].地理科学,2001,21(4):297~300.
[25]	Yu D P,Guu H Y,Wang J D.Relationships of climate change and tree ring of Betula ermanii tree line forest in Changbai Mountain[J].Journal of Forestry Research,2005,16(3):187-192.
[26]	向悟生,李先琨,苏宗明,等.元宝山南方红豆杉克隆种群分布格局的分形特征[J].植物生态学报,2007,31(4):568~575.
[27]	马万里,荆涛,罗菊春,等.长白山林区核桃楸种群分布格局研究[J].内蒙古师范大学学报(自然科学汉文版), 2008,37(2):233~236.
[28]	李先琨,苏宗明,向悟生,等.濒危植物元宝山冷杉种群结构与分布格局[J].生态学报,2002,22(12): 2246~2253.
[29]	杨君珑,王辉,王彬,等.子午岭油松林灌木层主要树种的空间分布格局和种间关联性研究[J].西北植物学报,2007,27(4):791~796.
[30]	褚胜利,李登武,李景侠.陕西府谷自然保护区杜松种群的空间分布格局及其动态植物[J].资源与环境学报,2007,16(4):34~37.
[31]	宋萍,洪伟,吴承祯,等.珍稀濒危植物桫椤种群结构与动态研究应用[J].生态学报,2005,16(3)∶413~418.
[32]	张秀梅,刘小京.绿盲蝽越冬卵在枣树上的空间分布型研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2006,14(3):157~159.
[33]	Wang X P,Fang J Y,Tang Z Y,et al.Climatic control of primary forest structure and DBH-height allometry in Northeast China[J]. Forest Ecology and Management,2006.234:264-274.
[34]	高秀霞,陈进,周会平,等.养分供应对3种舞花姜属植物繁殖方式的影响[J].植物生态学报,2006,30(1):132~139.
[35]	王晓东,刘惠清.长白山北坡林线岳桦种群与土壤关系的研究[J].地理研究,2011,30(3):2~10.
[36]	方修琦,张学珍,戴玉娟,等.1951~2005年中国大陆冬季温度变化过程的区域差异[J].地理科学,2010,30(4):571~576.
[37]	赵俊芳,延晓冬,贾根锁.基于FORCCHN的未来东北森林生态系统碳储量模拟[J].地理科学,2009,29(5):690~696.
[38]	张弥,关德新,韩士杰.长白山阔叶红松林近22年的气候动态[J].生态学杂志,2005,24(9):1007~1012.
[39]	王淼,白淑菊,陶大立,等.大气增温对长白山林木直径生长的影响[J].应用生态学报,1995,6(2):128~132.
[40]	Yu D P,Wang G G,Dai L M,et al.Dendroclimatic analysis of Betula ermanii forests at their upper limit of distribution in Changbai Mountain, Northeast China[J].Forest Ecol Manag,2007,240(1-3):105-110.
[41]	杨振林,石培礼.高山树线交错带的景观格局与生态过程[J].地理科学进展,2007,26(1):44~55.
[42]	王晓东,刘惠清.长白山北坡岳桦林线变动的水热条件分析[J].地理科学进展,2011,30(3):313~318.

样地	树高大于1.5 m		树高小于1.5 m
样地	灌丛状	乔木状	灌丛状	乔木状
东坡	y=e^{(2.5745+0.0926}^x⁾	y=e^{(2.4836+0.1541}^x⁾	y=7.0125t^0.8236	y=6.6588t^0.7916
东北坡	y=e^{(2.6442+0.1132}^x⁾	y=e^{(2.5467+0.1081}^x⁾	y=7.2705t^0.9272	y=6.5295t^0.9011
东南坡	y=e^{(2.5735+0.0819}^x⁾	y=e^{(2.5435+0.1198}^x⁾	y=6.6524t^0.9358	y=6.8814t^0.7921

生长方式	样地编号	方程与参数	I	M^/m*	C_A	C
灌丛状	东坡	方程	y=-0.22x+14.05	y=-0.09x+8.21	y=-0.09x+7.21	y=-0.22x+15.05
		p	0.473	0.528	0.528	0.473
		R²	0.023	0.018	0.018	0.023
	东北坡	方程	y=-0.59x+7.87	y=-0.23x+6.70	y=-0.23x+5.69	y=-0.59x+8.87
		p	0.188	0.504	0.504	0.188
		R²	0.152	0.042	0.042	0.152
	东南坡	方程	y=-0.56x+10.41	y=-0.22x+5.27	y=-0.22x+4.27	y=-0.56x+11.41
		p	0.034	0.008	0.008	0.034
		R²	0.301	0.433	0.433	0.301
乔木状	东坡	方程	y=-0.82x+28.33	y=-0.27x+12.68	y=-0.27x+11.68	y=-0.82x+29.33
		p	0.032	0.015	0.015	0.032
		R²	0.184	0.231	0.231	0.184
	东北坡	方程	y=1.94x+9.06	y=0.19x+9.58	y=0.19x+8.58	y=1.94x+10.06
		p	0.078	0.646	0.646	0.078
		R²	0.256	0.02	0.02	0.256
	东南坡	方程	y=-0.29x+8.25	y=0.10x+4.46	y=0.10x+3.46	y=-0.29x+9.25
		p	0.533	0.728	0.728	0.533
		R²	0.031	0.01	0.01	0.031

	坡向差异	均值差（℃）	p
气温	东坡东南坡	1.88^*	0.003
	东北坡东南坡东坡	3.52^*	0.000
	东北坡东南坡东坡	1.65^*	0.009
地温	东坡东南坡	1.01	0.194
	东北坡东南坡东坡	3.80^*	0.000
	东北坡东南坡东坡	2.79^*	0.000

		东坡	灌丛状	东南坡	东坡	乔木状	东南坡
		东坡	东北坡	东南坡	东坡	东北坡	东南坡
自变量	x₁					-0.10
	x₂	-0.26	-0.25		-0.23	-0.29
	x₃
	x₄	0.35^*	0.16	0.37^*	0.26	0.17	0.30
	x₅		-0.06
	x₆		0.22
	x₇	0.11
	x₈	0.26		0.22	0.34^*	0.29	0.33^*
	x₉	0.21	0.08	0.19	0.24	0.23	0.36^*
	x₁₀	0.26		0.25	0.26	0.17	0.34^*
	x₁₁	0.53^**	0.09	0.39	0.51^**	0.44^**	0.54^**
	x₁₂	0.56^**	0.57^**	0.59^**	0.45^**	0.34^*	0.46^**
	x₁₃	0.21	0.09	0.38^*	0.14		0.31^*
	x₁₄	-0.31	-0.14	-0.44^**	-0.25	-0.12	-0.37^*
模型检验	y₁	0.0001	0.0120	0.0001	0.0002	0.0023	0.0001
模型检验	y₂	1.3875	1.5347	1.0522	1.4012	1.2861	1.3336

相关系数	东坡	灌丛状	东南坡	东坡	乔木状	东南坡
相关系数	东坡	东北坡	东南坡	东坡	东北坡	东南坡
x₁	0.01	-0.02	-0.1	0.01	0.01	-0.02
x₂	0	-0.2	-0.02	-0.02	-0.07	-0.01
x₃	0.48^**	0.08	0.30^*	0.46^**	0.39^**	0.45^**
x₄	0.23	-0.06	0.12	0.2	0.14	0.2
x₅	0.06	-0.12	0.03	0.03	-0.01	0.04
x₆	0.09	-0.04	0.03	0.08	0.08	0.08
x₇	0.13	0.18	0.15	0.11	0.11	0.1
x₈	0.17	0.18	0.24	0.14	0.14	0.1
x₉	0.39^**	0.21	0.36^*	0.41^**	0.42^**	0.32^*
x₁₀	0.41^**	0.30^*	0.42^**	0.38^**	0.39^**	0.35^*
x₁₁	0.51^**	0.12	0.44^**	0.40^**	0.54^**	0.42^**
x₁₂	0.48^**	0.51^**	0.54^**	0.40^**	0.48^**	0.39^**
x₁₃	0.27	0.19	0.11	0.30^*	0.32^*	0.13
x₁₄	-0.07	-0.18	-0.09	-0.1	-0.13	-0.04