渭河流域关中段潜在蒸发量时空变化特征

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2014.09.1145

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

根据渭河流域关中段11个主要代表气象站点1955~2012年逐日气象数据,以FAO Penman-Monteith 公式得出潜在蒸发量,分析渭河流域关中段潜在蒸发量的时空变化特征。结果表明：① 渭河流域关中段年平均潜在蒸发量在1 073.9~1 284.1 mm,流域内多年平均蒸发量随着海拔的降低逐渐增高。② 夏季潜在蒸发量在327.6~547.2 mm,占全年的34%~42%,变化趋势与全年潜在蒸发量变化趋势高度一致。③ 渭河关中段随气温上升,潜在蒸发量减少。④ 年均潜在蒸发量与日较差、平均气温、平均风速、日照时数呈正相关,与相对湿度和水汽压呈负相关。

关键词: 潜在蒸发量, FAO Penman-Monteith 公式, 渭河流域关中段

Abstract:

Based on the daily data of 11 meteorological stations of Guanzhong area in Weihe River Basin in 1960-2006 and combined with the FAO Penman-Monteith model, spatial and temporal changes of potential evaporation were quantita-tively analyzed in this study, which mainly discussed the reason of the decreasing of potential evaporation. It was showed that potential evapotranspiration in Guanzhong area of Weihe River Basin decreased significantly with the increasing of mean temperature, which is mainly because mean wind speed and sunshine time decreased significantly. The main results are as follows: 1) The annual potential evapotranspiration, gradually increased with the loss of the altitude, which range from 1 073.9 mm to 1 284.1 mm. 2) The potential evapotranspiration in spring range from 195.6 mm to 327 mm, accounted for about 19%-22% of the year, and the potential evapotranspiration in summer range from 327.6 mm to 547.2 mm, accounted for about 34%-42% of the year, which plays a leading role throughout the year. The potential evapotranspiration in autumn and winter is in 250.8-466.2 mm and 115.2-247.8 mm respectively, accounted for 24%-33% and 10%-18%. 3) The evaporation paradox actually existed in the study area, as the mean temperature increased, the potential evapotranspiration generally decreased. Linear trend rate of the potential evapotranspiration is -9.16 mm/10 a during 1955 to 2012, however, at the same time, linear trend rate of the mean temperature is 0.39℃/10 a. 4) Mean annual potential evapotranspiration and the diurnal range, mean temperature, mean wind speed and sunshine duration were positively correlated, and negatively correlated with relative humidity and water vapor pressure. The mean wind speed and sunshine time is the dominating factor leading to the decrease of potential evapotranspiration in the study area.

Key words: potential evapotranspiration, FAO Penman-Monteith model, Guanzhong area of Weihe River Basin

中图分类号:

P426.6

刘闻, 曹明明, 邱海军, 郭帅, 李苒. 渭河流域关中段潜在蒸发量时空变化特征[J]. 地理科学, 2014, 34(9): 1145-1152.

Wen LIU, Ming-ming CAO, Hai-jun QIU, Shuai GUO, Ran LI. Spatial and Temporal Change of the Potential Evapotranspiration in Weihe River Basin: A Case Study in Guanzhong Area[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2014, 34(9): 1145-1152.

图/表 8

图1

表1

图2

图3

图4

表 2

图5

表3

参考文献 31

[1]	Mir A Matin,Charles P-A Bourque.Assessing spatiotemporal variation in actual evapotranspiration for semi-arid watersheds in northwest China:Evaluation of two complementary-based methods[J].Journal of Hydrology,2013,486:455-465.
[2]	刘昌明,张丹.中国地表潜在蒸散发敏感性的时空变化特征分析[J].地理学报,2011,66(5):579~588.
[3]	韩松俊,胡和平,杨大文,等.塔里木河流域山区和绿洲潜在蒸散发的不同变化及影响因素[J].中国科学(E辑:技术科学),2009,39(8):1375~1383.
[4]	韩松俊,王少丽,杨大文.农业活动对中国区域“蒸发悖论”规律的影响[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(10):1~8.
[5]	Mckenney M S,Rosenberg N J.Sensitivity of some potential evapotranspiration estimation methods to climate change[J].Agric For Meteorol,1993,64(1-2):81-110.
[6]	李斌,李丽娟,覃驭楚,等.澜沧江流域潜在蒸散发敏感性分析[J].资源科学,2011,33(7):1256~1263.
[7]	李峰平,章光新,董李勤.气候变化对水循环与水资源的影响研究综述[J].地理科学,2013,33(4):457~464.
[8]	张明军,李瑞雪,贾文雄,等.中国天山山区潜在蒸发量的时空变化[J].地理学报[J].2009,64(7):798~806.
[9]	Liang L Q,Li L J,Liu Q.Spatio-temporal variations of reference crop evapotranspiration and pan evaporation in the West Songnen Plain of China[J].Hydrological Sciences,2011,56(7):1300-1313.
[10]	蒋冲,王飞,刘思洁,等.“蒸发悖论”在秦岭南北地区的探讨[J].生态学报,2013,33(3): 844~855.
[11]	张东,张万昌,徐全芝.汉江上游流域蒸散量计算方法的比较及改进[J].资源科学,2005,27(1): 97~103.
[12]	Gao G,Xu C Y,Chen D L,et al.Spatial and temporal characteristics of actual evapotranspiration over Haihe River basin in China[J].Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment,2012,26(5):655-669.
[13]	Liu X M,Zheng H X,Zhang M H,et al.Identification of dominant climate factor for pan evaporation trend in the Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2011,21(4):594-608.
[14]	马雪宁,张明军,王圣杰,等.“蒸发悖论”在黄河流域的探讨[J].地理学报,2012,67(5):645~656.
[15]	Li Z,Zheng F L,Liu W Z.Spatiotemporal characteristics of reference evapotranspiration during1961-2009 and its projected changes during 2011-2099 on the Loess Plateau of China[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2012,154-155:147-155.
[16]	Qiang Liu,Zhifeng Yang.Trends for pan evaporation during 1959-2000 in China[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2010,2:1934-1941.
[17]	Chattopadhyay N,Hulme M.Evaporation and potential evapotranspiration in India under conditions of recent And future climate change[J].Agric For Meteorol,1997,87(1):55-73.
[18]	Cohen S,Stanhill G.Evaporative climate changes at Bet-Dagan Israel,1964-1998[J].Agric For Meteorol,2002,111(2):83-91.
[19]	McVicar T R,Roderick M L,Donohue R J,et al.Global review and synthesis of trends in observed terrestrial Near-surface wind speeds: Implications for evaporation[J].Journal of Hydrology,2012,416-417:182-205.
[20]	郭元喜,龚道溢,汪文珊,等.中国东部夏季云量与日气温统计关系[J].地理科学,2013,33(1):104~109.
[21]	施国萍,邱新法,曾燕.中国三种太阳辐射起始数据分布式模拟[J].地理科学,2013,33(4):385~392.
[22]	Wang W G,Shao Q X,Peng S Z,et al.Reference evapotranspiration change and the causes across the Yellow River Basin during 1957-2008 and their spatial and seasonal differences[J].Water Resources Research,2012,48:27-35.
[23]	朱国锋,何元庆,蒲焘,等.1960~2009年横断山区潜在蒸发量时空变化[J].地理学报,2011,66(7):905~916.
[24]	吴秀芹,张洪岩,李瑞改,等.ArcGIS9地理信息系统应用与实践[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2007.
[25]	将冲,王飞,刘焱序,等.秦岭南北风速时空变化及突变特征分析[J].地理科学,2013,33(2):244~250.
[26]	IPCC.Climate Change 2007:The Physical Science Basis.Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,2007:10.
[27]	唐国利,任国玉.近百年中国地表气温变化趋势的再分析[J].气候与环境研究,2005,10(4):791~798.
[28]	Peterson T C,Golubev V S,Groisman P Y.Evaporation losing its strength[J].Nature,1995,377:687-688.
[29]	Brutsaert W, Parlange M B.Hydrologic cycle explains the evaporation paradox[J].Nature,1998,396:29-30
[30]	Roderick M L,Farquhar G D.The cause of decreased pan evaporation over the past 50 years[J].Science,2002,298(15):1410-1411.
[31]	Depeng Zuo,Zongxue Xu,Hong Yang,et al.Spatiotemporal variations and abrupt changes of potential evapotranspiration and its sensitivity to key meteorological variables in the Wei River basin,China[J].Hydrological Processes,2012,26:1149-1160.

站名	N	E	海拔高度（m）
陇县站	34°54′	106°50′	924.2
凤翔站	34°31′	107°23′	781.1
宝鸡站	34°21′	107°08′	612.4
永寿站	34°42′	108°09′	994.6
武功站	34°15′	108°13′	447.8
西安站	34°18′	108°56′	396.9
耀县站	34°56′	108°59′	710.0
铜川站	35°05′	109°04′	978.9
蒲城站	34°57′	109°35′	499.2
华山站	34°29′	110°05′	2064.9
泾河站	34°26′	108°58′	410.0

	潜在蒸发量（mm/10 a）					气温（℃/10 a）
时间段（年）	西安	华山	宝鸡	铜川	武功	西安	华山	宝鸡	铜川	武功
1955~1973	67.53	-66.63	27.84	96.37	83.32	0.52	-0.02	0.03	0.31	0.11
1974~1992	-86.05	-119.79	2.79	-66	-119.79	0.01	-0.01	0.13	-0.09	0.10
1993~2012	87.11	-78.54	48.95	-13.49	-78.54	1.02	0.57	0.94	1.28	-0.10
1955~2012	-13.52	-53.08	25.08	28.88	-33.17	3.73	0.23	0.24	0.34	0.21

气象要素	日较差（℃）	平均气温（℃）	降水量（mm）	相对湿度（%）	平均风速（m/s）	水汽压（hPa）	日照时数（h）
全年	0.522^**	0.169	-0.265	-0.434^**	0.791^**	-0.501^**	0.725^**
春季	0.719^**	-0.151	-0.291	-0.454^**	0.698^**	-0.643^**	0.396^**
夏季	0.648^**	0.162	-0.672^**	-0.590^**	0.812^**	-0.441^**	0.481^**
秋季	0.332^*	0.597^**	0.126	-0.235	-0.760^**	-0.537^**	-0.469^**
冬季	0.582^**	-0.134	-0.211	-0.792^**	0.637^**	-0.109	0.393^**