长株潭城市群污染空间识别与污染分布研究

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.07.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

利用Arc-GIS空间分析软件对各类型污染进行空间识别和分布模拟,探究长株潭城市群污染空间分布特征。结果显示：① 该区大气环境污染以扬尘和煤烟型为主,主要污染物为可吸入颗粒物和二氧化硫,重点污染区域在长沙、株洲、湘潭三市主城区,呈点状分布;② 该区水域整体水质基本达标,水体环境污染以氨氮和各类重金属为主,且有明显的季节变化规律;③ 土壤污染覆盖范围较广,以株洲市的石峰区为代表,以镉污染最为严重,主要原因为重化工业排污累积。总之,株洲污染最严重,湘潭和长沙次之。污染空间的形成与长株潭城市群的地形地势及三类污染元素之间的转化有较大关联。

关键词: 长株潭城市群, 污染空间, 识别, 污染分布, 污染程度

Abstract:

By ArcGIS spatial analysis software, this study aimed to carry out the space recognition and distribution simulation for each pollution type (i.e., air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution) and comprehensive pollution within Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Urban Agglomeration, and discussed their characteristics. It can be concluded that: 1) The atmospheric environment pollution is given priority to fugitive dust and coal smoke with the main pollutants as PM₁₀ and SO₂, and the key pollution areas are the central downtowns of Changsha, Zhuzhou and Xiangtan City, exhibiting dots distribution; 2) The whole water quality basically reaches the standard, and water environment pollution mainly resulted from ammonia, nitrogen and various heavy metals with the significant seasonal variation; 3) Soil pollution is rather serious with a wide coverage. Taking Shifeng District of Zhuzhou City as a representative, Cadmium pollution is the most serious one, which is caused by the accumulation of heavy chemical industry pollution; 4) Overall, Zhuzhou is the most polluted, which is followed by Xiangtan and Changsha. The formation of pollution space is greatly related with the terrain and topography of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Urban Agglomeration, and influenced by the transformation among these three kinds of pollution elements.

Key words: Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Urban Agglomeration, pollution space, recognition, pollution distribution, pollution degree

中图分类号:

K903

何甜, 帅红, 朱翔. 长株潭城市群污染空间识别与污染分布研究[J]. 地理科学, 2016, 36(7): 1081-1090.

Tian He, Hong Shuai, Xiang Zhu. Pollution Space Recognition and Pollution Distribution of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan Urban Agglomeration[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2016, 36(7): 1081-1090.

图/表 10

图1

图2

图3

表1

图4

表2

表3

表4

图5

图6

参考文献 21

[1]	Baker A J M, Brooks R R, Pease A Jet al. Studies on copper and cobalt tolerance in three closely related taxa with in the genus Silene L (Caryophyllaceae) from Zaire[J]. Plant and Soil, 1983, 73(3):377-385. doi: 10.1007/BF02184314
[2]	Chaney R L, Malik M, Li Y M et al. Phytoremediation of soilmentals[J]. Current Opinions in Biotechnology, 1997,(8): 279-284.
[3]	Wanekaya A K, Sadik O A.Pressurized extractions for the remediation of heavy metal contaminants in soil and sediments[J]. Journal De Physique IV, 2003, 10(7): 415-418.
[4]	Swartjes F A.Insight into the variation in calculated human exposure to soil contaminants using seven different European models[J]. Integrated Environmental Assessment Management, 2007, 3(3): 322-332. doi: 10.1002/ieam.5630030303 pmid: 17695105
[5]	Winkler R, Rosner G.Seasonal and long-term variation of 210Pb concentration in air atmospheric deposition rate and total deposition velocity in south Germany[J]. The Science of the Total Environment,2000, 263(1-3): 57-68. doi: 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00666-5 pmid: 11194163
[6]	Gupta I, Kumar R.Trends of particulate matter in four cities in lndia[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2006, 40(14): 2552-2566. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.12.021
[7]	王英,金军. 北京大气污染区域分布及变化趋势研究[J]. 中央民族大学学报(自然科学版), 2008, 17(1): 59-65.
	[Wang Ying, Jin Jun.Study on distribution and changes regularity of the air pollution in Beijing. Journal of the CUN (Natural Sciences Edition), 2008, 17(1): 59-65.]
[8]	朱万森, 陈红光, 刘志荣,等. 应用因子分析法对地面水质污染状况的研究[J]. 复旦学报(自然科学版), 2003, 42(3): 501-505. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0427-7104.2003.03.058
	[Zhu Wansen, Chen Hongguang, Liu Zhirong et al. Study on pollution conditions of surface water by factor analysis. Journal of Fudan University (Natural Science), 2003, 42(3): 501-505.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0427-7104.2003.03.058
[9]	云逸, 邹志红. 灰色聚类法在三峡库区城市江段水质综合评价中的应用[J]. 数学的实践与认识, 2007, 37(12): 65-172. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0984.2007.12.011
	[Yun Yi, Zou Zhihong.Application of the gray clustering method on water quality evaluation in city sections of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. Mathematics in Practice and Theory, 2007, 37(12): 65-172.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0984.2007.12.011
[10]	徐祖信. 我国河流单因子水质标识指数评价方法研究[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版), 2005, 33(3): 321-325. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-374X.2005.03.008
	[Xu Zuxin.Single factor water quality identification index for environmental quality assessment of surface water. Journal of Tongji University (Natural Science), 2005, 33(3): 321-325.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-374X.2005.03.008
[11]	Goovaerts P, Webster R, Dubois J P.Assessing the risk of soil contamination in the Swiss Jura Sing indicator geostatistics[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2006, 142(2): 227-234.
[12]	Amini M, Afyuni M, FathianPour N et al. Continuous soil Pollution mapping using fuzzy Logic and spatial interpolation[J]. Geoderma, 2005, 124(3-4): 223-233. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.05.009
[13]	舒冬妮. 用模糊聚类分析评价惠民及淄博地区土壤环境质量[J]. 山东农业大学学报, 1989, (1): 78-81.
	[Shu Dongni.Evaluation of soil-environment quality areas Huimin and Zibo with fuzzy clustering analysis. Journal of Shandong Agricultural University, 1989, (1): 78-81.]
[14]	檀满枝,陈杰,徐方明,等. 基于模糊集理论的土壤重金属污染空间预测[J]. 土壤学报, 2006, 43(3): 389-396.
	[Tan Manzhi, Chen Jie, Xu Fangming et al. Spatial prediction of soil heavy metal pollution based on fuzzy set theory. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2006, 43(3): 389-396.]
[15]	于万辉, 王俊杰, 臧淑英. 松嫩平原湖泊底泥重金属空间变异特征及其风险评价[J]. 地理科学, 2012,32(8):1000-1005.
	[Yu Wanhui, Wang Junjie, Zang Shuying.The spatial variability characteristics and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals of lake sediments in the Songnen Plain. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2012,32(8):1000-1005.]
[16]	陈飞香, 程家昌, 胡月明, 等. 基于RBF神经网络的土壤铬含量空间预测[J]. 地理科学, 2013,33(1):69-74.
	[Chen Feixiang, Cheng Jiachang, Hu Yueming et al. Spatial prediction of soil properties by RBF neural network. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2013,33(1):69-74.]
[17]	李建国, 濮励杰, 廖启林, 等. 无锡市土壤重金属富集的梯度效应与来源差异[J]. 地理科学, 2014, 34(4): 496-504.
	[Li Jianguo, Pu Lijie, Liao Qilin et al. The sources and gradient effect of soil heavy metal concentrations in Wuxi City. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014,34(4):496-504.]
[18]	李勇, 余天虹, 赵志忠, 等. 珠三角土壤镉含量时空分布及风险管理[J]. 地理科学, 2015, 35(3): 373-379.
	[Li Yong, Yu Tianhong, Zhao Zhizhong et al. Prediction and risk management on geochemical accumulation of soil cadmium based on time-space model in Zhujiang River Delta. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015,35(3):373-379.]
[19]	张欢, 纪桂霞. 综合水质标识指数法在公园湖泊水质评价中的应用[J].水资源与水工程学报,2012,23(2):146-150.
	[Zhang Huan, Ji Guixia.Application of comprehensive water quality identification index method to water quality assessment of park lakes. Journal of Water Resources ＆Water Engineering, 2012,23(2):146-150.]
[20]	杨纶标, 高英仪. 模糊数学原理及应用(第三版) [M]. 广州: 华南理工大学出版社, 2001.
	[Yang Lunbiao, Gao Yingyi.The principle and application of fuzzy mathematics(the third edition). Guangzhou: South China University of Technology Press,2001. ]
[21]	张建东,范舟,赖健清,等. 综合指数质量评价模型在太原市土壤重金属污染评价中的应用[J]. 水土保持研究,2007,14(4):240-243.
	[Zhang Jiandong, Fan Zhou, Lai Jianqing et al. Application of comprehensive index quality evaluation model of soil heavy metal pollution in Taiyuan. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2007,14(4):240-243.]

监测点		SO₂			NO₂			PM₁₀			CO		综合指数
监测点		污染分指数		负荷系数（%）		污染分指数		负荷系数（%）		污染分指数	负荷系数（%）	污染分指数	负荷系数（%）
株洲市	市监测站	0.800	30.27		0.625	23.65		0.830	31.41		0.388	14.66	2.643
	株冶医院	1.450	41.61		0.575	16.50		1.060	30.42		0.400	11.48	3.485
	株洲火车站	0.700	31.01		0.475	21.04		0.640	28.35		0.443	19.60	2.258
	天台山庄	0.783	30.38		0.450	17.45		0.980	38.01		0.365	14.16	2.578
	市四中	0.633	27.74		0.450	19.71		0.820	35.91		0.380	16.64	2.283
	大京风景区	0.117	7.56		0.163	10.52		0.910	58.93		0.355	22.99	1.544
	云田中学	0.801	32.27		0.625	23.65		0.830	31.53		0.378	13.56	2.225
湘潭市	市监测站	1.440	43.21		0.575	16.40		1.060	27.42		0.400	2.48	2.865
	江麓	0.700	31.01		0.475			21.04	0.640			28.35	0.443	19.60	2.452
	岳塘	0.783	30.38	0.450		17.45	0.980		38.01	0.365		14.16	2.371
	板塘	0.633	27.74	0.450		19.71	0.820		35.91	0.380		16.64	2.253
	科大	0.117	7.56	0.163		10.52	0.910		58.93	0.355		22.99	1.542
	韶山	0.800	30.27	0.625		23.65	0.830		31.41	0.388		14.66	2.634
长沙市	沙坪	1.450	41.61	0.575	16.50	1.060	30.42	0.400	11.48	3.458
	天心区	0.700	31.01	0.475		21.04	0.640		28.35	0.443		19.60	2.254
	雨花区	0.783	30.38	0.450		17.45	0.980		38.01	0.365		14.16	2.587
	湖南中医大	0.633	27.74	0.450		19.71	0.820		35.91	0.380		16.64	2.280
	湖南师大	0.117	7.56	0.163		10.52	0.910		58.93	0.355		22.99	1.575
	长沙火车站	1.450	41.61	0.575		16.50	1.060		30.42	0.400		11.48	3.458
	经开区	0.700	31.01	0.475		21.04	0.640		28.35	0.443		19.60	2.271
	高开区	0.783	30.38	0.450		17.45	0.980		38.01	0.365		14.16	2.598
	伍家岭	0.633	27.74	0.450		19.71	0.820		35.91	0.380		16.64	2.238
	马坡岭	0.117	7.56	0.163		10.52	0.910		58.93	0.355		22.99	2.376

断面	汞	镉	砷	铅	氨氮	高锰酸盐指数	挥发酚	石油类	铜
株洲朱亭水质监测断面	1.4	1.6	1.1	1.0	3.0	1.9	1.1	1.5	1.1
株洲霞湾水质监测断面	1.4	1.6	1.1	1.0	2.6	1.9	1.1	1.5	1.2
湘潭马家河水质监测断面	1.4	1.8	1.2	1.1	2.6	1.9	1.1	1.5	1.2
湘潭水质监测断面	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.1	2.6	1.9	1.1	1.5	1.3
湘潭昭山水质监测断面	1.4	1.8	1.1	1.0	2.6	1.9	1.1	1.5	1.7
长沙新港水质监测断面	1.2	1.1	1.1	1.1	2.6	1.9	1.1	1.5	1.3
长沙施家港水质监测断面	1.4	1.8	1.2	1.1	2.6	1.9	1.1	1.5	1.2
长沙岳华水质监测断面	1.4	1.6	1.1	1.0	3.0	1.9	1.1	1.5	1.1
铜官水质监测断面	1.4	1.6	1.1	1.0	2.6	1.9	1.1	1.5	1.2
均值	1.36	1.56	1.12	1.04	2.69	1.90	1.10	1.50	1.26

断面	综合水质指数X₁X₂		W_WPI	水环境功能目标	水质类别
断面	方案一		W_WPI	水环境功能目标	方案二
株洲水质监测断面	1.5	2.3	2.300	Ⅲ	Ⅱ
株洲霞湾水质监测断面	1.5	2.0	2.000	Ⅲ	Ⅱ
湘潭马家河水质监测断面	1.5	2.1	2.100	Ⅲ	Ⅱ
湘潭水质监测断面	1.4	2.0	2.000	Ⅲ	Ⅱ
湘潭昭山水质监测断面	1.6	2.1	2.100	Ⅲ	Ⅱ
长沙新港水质监测断面	1.5	2.3	2.300	Ⅲ	Ⅱ
长沙施家港水质监测断面	1.4	2.1	2.100	Ⅲ	Ⅱ
长沙岳华水质监测断面	1.5	2.2	2.200	Ⅲ	Ⅱ
铜官水质监测断面	1.5	2.0	2.000	Ⅲ	Ⅱ

监测点		铜	铅	锌	镉	汞	铬	砷	综合指数
株洲市	合花村	0.5	0.4	1.1	13.8	0.3	0.4	0.8	9.9
	关口村	0.7	0.3	1.0	6.9	0.2	0.7	0.7	5.0
	新塘坡村	0.8	0.3	0.9	4.4	0.2	0.3	1.2	3.2
	长石村	0.6	0.6	2.2	15.2	0.2	0.2	1.2	10.9
	建设村	0.7	1.3	4.1	39.4	0.4	0.4	2.0	28.3
	株洲党校	0.5	0.7	0.7	5.1	0.5	0.3	0.9	3.7
	石峰公园	0.3	0.9	1.4	13.3	0.4	0.3	1.0	9.6
	线江村	0.7	0.2	0.5	4.5	0.3	0.6	0.2	3.3
	栗雨谷	0.3	0.9	1.7	23.5	1.3	0.3	1.4	16.9
	新马村	0.7	0.4	1.0	16.4	0.4	0.2	0.6	11.8
湘潭市	何家湾	0.4	1.4	0.6	29.8	0.7	0.3	12.1	21.6
	大栗山	0.4	0.8	1.2	17.6	0.4	0.3	10.3	12.8
	大坟坪	0.4	1.3	0.2	6.2	0.3	0.2	1.3	4.5
	双板桥	0.4	0.2	0.3	4.3	0.6	0.1	1.2	3.1
	姜畲镇	0.4	0.2	1.9	0.1	0.4	0.3	1.4	2.0
	卢家山公路旁	0.4	1.8	0.2	9.0	0.4	25.0	0.0	25.3
	清亭村	0.4	0.2	2.1	0.1	0.3	0.3	1.3	2.1
	二环线公路旁	0.4	0.3	1.5	0.2	1.2	0.2	7.8	7.9
长沙市	四十八所	0.4	0.1	2.6	0.1	0.7	0.1	10.0	3.0
	坪塘连山村	0.3	0.2	1.8	0.1	0.4	0.2	1.6	1.8
	黑石渡大桥南	0.3	0.1	2.7	0.0	0.2	0.2	1.3	2.7
	捞刀河下游	0.3	0.1	2.5	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.5	2.5
	谷山菜地	0.6	0.2	3.3	0.1	0.5	0.1	4.8	3.5
	岳麓山	0.2	0.1	2.0	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.8	2.0
	陈家渡菜地	0.5	0.2	3.1	0.1	0.5	0.1	3.9	3.2