长白山玄武岩台地土壤动物多样性及其生态地理分布

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2016.07.018

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

于2014年春、夏和秋季对长白山玄武岩台地原始针阔混交林、次生针阔混交林、次生落叶阔叶林及耕地土壤动物进行研究。结果表明：大型土壤动物的多样性,春季次生针阔混交林为最高,夏季和秋季原始针阔混交林为最高,耕地在3个季节均为最低;中小型土壤动物的多样性,春、秋两季原始针阔混交林为最高,夏季次生针阔混交林为最高,耕地在3个季节仍为最低。根据一维方差分析可知春、夏、秋3个季节原始针阔混交林、次生针阔混交林和次生落叶阔叶林土壤动物类群和平均密度均显著高于耕地（p<0.05）;而各生境土壤动物的类群和平均密度季节变化差异不显著（p>0.05）。各生境土壤动物的多样性呈现出随土层深度的增加而降低的趋势。土壤温度、速效P、有机质和土壤湿度的变化是影响长白山玄武岩台地土壤动物多样性地理分布的主要因子。

关键词: 土壤动物, 多样性, 生态地理分布, 玄武岩台地, 长白山

Abstract:

Soil fauna play an important role in terrestrial ecosystems. They are closely connected with the above and under ground ecosystems. The effect of basalt platform on the diversity and ecological geographic distribution of the below ground soil fauna is unknown. In the present study, an investigation of diversity and ecological geographic distribution of the below ground soil fauna was conducted in the basalt platform of the Changbai Mountains with four habitats types (original conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest, secondary conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest, secondary deciduous broadleaved forest and arable land). The plots (5 m×5 m) were established using permanent signs in each of the arable land. The plots (20 m×20 m) were established using permanent signs in each of the other three habitats types. Within each plot, five subplots were selected randomly, and 25 cm×25 cm and 10 cm×10 cm areas were collected from the litter layer, 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm soil layers in each subplot during spring, summer, and autumn 2014. Soil macrofauna and soil meso-microfauna were extracted from each of the soil samples using hand collection methods and Tullgren funnel extractor, respectively. The effects of habitat types, seasonal variations and soil layers on the abundance, richness of soil fauna were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and multivariate analysis. Indexes of diversity were calculated to describe the characteristics of the diversity of soil fauna. The influence of soil environmental factors on soil faunal diversity was examined using redundancy analysis (RDA). The results showed that the dominant groups were Isotomidae, Oribatida and Hypogastruridae. The common groups included Gamasida, Actinedida, Pseudachorutidae, Diptera larva, Sminthuridae and Tomoceridae. In spring, the secondary conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest had the highest diversity of soil macrofauna among the four habitats. For soil macrofauna, in summer and autumn, original conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest had the highest diversity among the four habitats. However, in spring, summer, and autumn, the arable land had the lowest diversity among the four habitats. For soil meso-microfauna, in spring and autumn, original conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest had the highest diversity among the four habitats. In summer, secondary conifer and broad-leaved mixed forest had the highest diversity among the four habitats. However, in spring, summer, and autumn, the arable land had the lowest diversity of soil meso-microfauna among the four habitats. The one-way ANOVA showed that a significantly lower abundance and richness of soil fauna was evident in the arable land when compared to all other habitats in spring, summer, autumn (P < 0.05). However, abundance and richness of soil fauna did not respond significantly to variations in seasons (P > 0.05). From the vertical distribution, the diversity of soil fauna in each habitat was shown that it was decreased with the increasing soil depth. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that diversity and ecological geographic distribution of the below ground soil fauna was correlated significantly with soil temperature, available P, organic matter, soil moisture.

Key words: soil fauna, diversity, ecological geographic distribution, Basalt platform, Changbai Mountains

中图分类号:

S154.5

殷秀琴, 薛文丽, 马辰. 长白山玄武岩台地土壤动物多样性及其生态地理分布[J]. 地理科学, 2016, 36(7): 1106-1114.

Xiuqin Yin, Wenli Xue, Chen Ma. Diversity and Ecological Geographic Distribution of Soil Fauna in Basalt platform of the Changbai Mountains, China[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2016, 36(7): 1106-1114.

图/表 8

表1

长白山玄武岩台地土壤动物区系组成"

门 (Phylum)	纲 (Class)	目/亚目 (Order/Suborder)	科（Family）
环节动物门 Annelida	寡毛纲 Oligochaeta	近孔寡毛目 Plesiopora	线蚓科 Enchytraeidae
		后孔寡毛目 Opisthopora	正蚓科 Lumbricidae
软体动物门 Mollusca	腹足纲 Gastropoda	柄眼目 Stylemmatephora	瓦娄蜗牛科 Valloniidae;槲果螺科 Cochlicopidae
节肢动物门 rthropda	蛛形纲 Arachnida	革螨亚目 Gamasida
		甲螨亚目 Oribatida
		辐螨亚目 Actinedida
	唇足纲 Chilopoda	蜘蛛目 Aranea	漏斗蛛科 Agelenidae;幽灵蛛科 Pholcoidea;狼蛛科 Lycosidae;栅蛛科 Hahniidaee;类石蛛科 Segestriidae;近管蛛科 Anyphaonidae;跳蛛科 Salticidae;逍遥蛛科 Philodromidae;卷叶蛛科 Dictynidae;光盔蛛科 Liocranidae;卵形蛛科 Oonopidae;拟平腹蛛科 Zodaroidea;平腹蛛科 Gnaphosidae;管巢蛛科 Clubionidae;暗蛛科 Amaurobiidae;花皮蛛科 Scytodidae;狼栉蛛科 Zoridae;园蛛科 Araneidae;蟹蛛科 Thomisidae
		拟蝎目 Pseudoscorpionida
		盲蛛目 Opiliones	长奇盲蛛科 Phalangiidae
		石蜈蚣目 Lithobiomorph	石蜈蚣科 Lithobiidae
		地蜈蚣目 Geophilomorpha	地蜈蚣科 Geophilidae
	倍足纲Diplopoda	马陆目 Juliformia
	昆虫纲 Insect	弹尾目 Collembola	等节跳虫科 Isotomidae;球角跳虫科 Hypogastruridae;山跳虫科 Pseudachorutidae;长角跳虫科 Entomobryidae;鳞跳虫科 Tomoceridae;圆跳虫科 Sminthuridae;疣跳虫科 Neanuridae;
		双尾目 Diplura	原铗尾虫科 Projapygidae
		鞘翅目 Coleoptera	隐翅虫科 Staphylinidae;皮蠹科 Dermestidae;叩甲科 Elateridae;缨甲科 Ptiliidae;步甲科 Carabidae;鳃金龟科 Melolonthidae;郭公虫科 Cleridae;跳甲科 Propalticidae;叶甲科 Chrysomelidae;金龟子科Scarabaeidae;花萤科Cantharidae
		鳞翅目Lepidoptera
		同翅目 Homoptera	叶蝉总科 Cicadellidae;蚜科 Aphidoidae
		双翅目 Diptera	果蝇科 Drosophilidae;毛蠓科 Psychodidae
		膜翅目 Hymenoptera	蚁科 Formicidae

表1

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表2

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	大型土壤动物类群数				中小型土壤动物类群数
	d_f		F	p	d_f	F	p
土层	3	59.296	<0.001		3	77.422	<0.001
季节	2	0.081	0.922		2	10.986	<0.001
生境	3	59.614	<0.001		3	34.119	<0.001
土层 × 季节	6	5.548	<0.001		6	3.144	0.006
土层 × 生境	9	9.155	<0.001		9	28.506	<0.001
季节 × 生境	6	0.868	0.52		6	2.262	0.039
土层 × 季节 × 生境	18	0.835	0.66		18	1.135	0.321