岷江上游山区聚落生态位空间分布特征研究

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.03.017

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于岷江上游山区藏-羌-回-汉聚落生态位和植被生境适宜性的空间分布,借助分形和贝叶斯模型,定量刻画聚落生态位的民族属性对山区聚落生态位的空间分布特征的影响。结果表明：① 岷江上游藏-羌-回-汉聚落生态位间隙度维数分别为0.949、0.942、0.890、0.960,汉族聚落生态位的高间隙度维数,揭示了山区汉族聚落封闭性特点。同时,流域内1 667个聚落生态位间隙度维数（0.946）与藏族（0.949）相似,表明藏族聚落生态位空间异质性特征能够反映整个流域山区聚落生态位空间分异程度。② 岷江上游藏-羌-汉-回聚落生态位内的植被生境适宜性指数均值分别为：2.816、2.622、2.529、2.644,说明山区聚落生态位的空间分布与植被生境相适宜。同时,流域内1 667个聚落生态位几何特征对植被生境的敏感程度（0.601）与羌族（0.610）相似,表明羌族聚落生态位的几何特征具有典型性。③ 藏-羌-回-汉聚落生态位的空间聚簇性地域分异明显、地理边界清晰,说明聚落生态位的民族属性对聚落区位、规模和形态具有显著影响。

关键词: 山区聚落生态位, 民族类型, 植被生境, 适宜性, 岷江上游

Abstract:

The settlement ecological niche is the basic element for studying human-land relationship in the mountainous area, which could reflect located spatial position of the settlement vertically along the mountain and resources space available to the settlement for sustenance. It is an effective approach of studying mountainous environmental change and how the human adapted to its change by revealing inner mechanisms about spatial structure of settlement ecological niche and vegetation habitat suitability. Based on the spatial distributions of mountainous settlement ecological niche of individual nationality categories and vegetation habitat suitability in the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River, this study quantified the affect of nationality category on spatial distributed characteristics of mountainous settlement ecological niche by use of Fractal and Bayesian Models. The detailed results are as following: 1) The values of lacunarity dimensions of Tibetan, Qiang, Hui, and Han nationalities settlement ecological niches were 0.949, 0.942, 0.889, and 0.960, respectively. The maximum value of lacunarity dimension appeared in the Han nationality settlement ecological niche, and indicated that its spatial cluster was lowest and spatial differentiation was highest. The minimum value of lacunarity dimension occurred in the Hui nationality settlement ecological niche, and indicated that its spatial structure was highest and spatial differentiation was lowest. It also suggested that spatial distribution of Hui nationality settlement ecological niche possessed closeness characteristic. Meanwhile, the lacunarity dimension of all 1 667 settlement ecological niches in the studied watershed was 0.946, which approximated to the lacunarity dimension of Tibetan nationality settlement ecological niche (0.949). It indicated that the spatial heterogeneity of Tibetan nationality settlement niche played an important role in the spatial differentiation of all mountainous settlement ecological niches. 2) The average values of vegetation habitat suitability index of Tibetan, Qiang, Han, and Hui nationality settlement ecological niches were 2.816, 2.622, 2.529, and 2.644, respectively, which revealed that the harmony between spatial distribution of mountainous settlement ecological niche and vegetation habitat suitability was high. The sensitivity of all 1 667 settlement ecological niches in the studied watershed to vegetation habitat suitability (0.601) was close to that Qiang nationality settlement ecological niche (0.610), which indicated that Qiang nationality settlement ecological niche can reflect the whole geometrical characteristics of all settlement ecological niches in the studied site. 3) Nationality type significantly impacted on the spatial location, scale, and pattern of mountainous settlement ecological niche, which led to stronger spatial differentiation, and clearer geographical boundaries of Tibetan, Qiang, Hui, and Han different nationality settlement ecological niches. In summary, the study on quantifying of mountainous settlement ecological niche in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River could provide the data support for spatial reconstruction and ecological construction of mountainous settlement. The proposed research framework in this study could be extended to other coexistent area of multiple nationality categories to identify spatial distributed characteristics of settlements.

Key words: mountainous settlement ecological niche, nation category, vegetation habitat, suitability, the upper reaches of the Minjiang River

中图分类号:

K901.8

樊敏, 郭亚琳, 李富程, 王青. 岷江上游山区聚落生态位空间分布特征研究[J]. 地理科学, 2017, 37(3): 464-472.

Min Fan, Yalin Guo, Fucheng Li, Qing Wang. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Mountainous Settlement Ecological Niche in the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2017, 37(3): 464-472.

图/表 7

图1

图2

图3

图4

表1

表2

表3

民族类型对山区聚落生态位空间分布特征的影响"

影响系数	山区聚落生态位空间分布特征指标
影响系数	间隙度	面积	周长	周长/面积
$σ α$	9.212 [3.327, 25.100]	0.247 [0.0521, 0.925]	0.242 [0.0706, 0.763]	0.190 [0.0374, 0669]
$σ β$	0.622 [0.0203, 3.168]	0.251 [0.0264, 0.963]	0.208 [0.0288, 0.796]	0.797 [0.239, 2.443]

表3

参考文献 28

[1]	陈国阶. 西部大开发与聚落生态建设——以西南山区为例[J]. 农村生态环境, 2001, 17(2): 5-8. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4831.2001.02.002
	[Chen Guojie. Development of West China and the construction of settlement ecology—take the southwest mountainous area of China as an example. Rural Eco-environment, 2001, 17(2): 5-8.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4831.2001.02.002
[2]	王青,石敏球,郭亚琳,等.岷江上游山区聚落生态位垂直分异研究[J].地理学报,2013,68(11):1559-1567. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201311011
	[Wang Qing, Shi Mingiu, Guo Yalin et al. The vertual differentiation of the mountain settlement niche in the upper reaches of Minjiang River. Acta Geographic Sinica, 2013,68(11):1559-1567.] doi: 10.11821/dlxb201311011
[3]	包维楷, 陈庆恒, 刘照光. 岷江上游山地生态系统的退化及其恢复与重建对策[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 1995, 4(3): 277-282.
	[Bao Weijie, Chen Qingheng, Liu Zhaoguang.Degradation of mountain ecosystem in the Upper Reaches of the Minjiang River and coutermeasures for their rehabilitation and Reconstruction. Resources and Environment in Yangtze Basin, 1995, 4(3): 277-282.]
[4]	陈勇, 陈国阶, 王益谦. 山区人口与环境互动关系的初步研究[J]. 地理科学, 2002, 22(3): 282-287.
	[Chen Yong, Chen Guojie, Wang Yiqian.A preliminary study on the interactive relationship between population and environment in mountains. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2002, 22(3): 282-287.]
[5]	曾早早, 方修琦, 叶瑜. 吉林省近300年来聚落格局演变[J]. 地理科学, 2011, 31(1): 87-94.
	[Zeng Zaozao, Fang Xiuqi, Ye Yu.The pattern evoluation of settlements in Jilin province over the past 300 years. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2011, 31(1): 87-94.]
[6]	汤国安, 赵牡丹. 基于GIS的乡村聚落空间分布规律研究-以陕北榆林地区为例[J]. 经济地理, 2000, 20(5):1-4.
	[Tang Guoan, Zhao Mudan.A GIS based research on the distribution of rural settlements-Taking Yulin area as an example. Economic Geography, 2000, 20(5):1-4.]
[7]	Thorsen I, Ubøe J.Modelling residential location choice in an area with spatial barriers[J]. The Annals of Regional Science, 2002, 36(4): 613-644. doi: 10.1007/s001680200094
[8]	Fang Chuanglin, Wu Fenglin, Li Maoxun.Suitability evaluation of population and settlements spatial layout after Wenchuan Earthquake[J]. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2011, 21(3): 539-548. doi: 10.1007/s11442-011-0862-5
[9]	Paquette S, Domon G.Changing ruralities, changing landscapes: exploring social recomposition using a multi-scale approach[J]. Journal of Rural Studies, 2003, 19(4): 425-444. doi: 10.1016/S0743-0167(03)00006-8
[10]	Marjanne S, Marc A.Settlement models,land use and visibility in rural landscapes:Two case in Greece[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2007, 80(4): 362-374. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2006.09.004
[11]	刘邵权. 农村聚落生态研究:理论与实践[M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2006: 124-134.
	[Liu Shaoquan.Rural settlement ecology theory and practice. Beijing: China Enviromental Science Press, 2006: 124-134.]
[12]	Chen Yong, Chen G, Wang Qing.Two village ecosystems in the upper Minjiang River:A comparison of energy flow[J]. Wuhan University Journal of Natural Science, 2003, 8(3B): 935-939.
[13]	马旭, 王青, 丁明涛, 等. 岷江上游山区聚落生态位及其模型[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2012, 28(5): 574-578.
	[Ma Xu, Wang Qing, Ding Mingtao et al. Econiche of the settlements in mountains of the upper reaches of Min river and its mathematical model. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2012, 28(5): 574-578.]
[14]	闫卫坡, 王青, 郭亚琳, 等. 岷江上游山区聚落生态位地域边界划分与垂直分异分析[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2013, 29(5): 572-576. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4831.2013.05.005
	[Yan Weipo, Wang Qing, Guo Yalin et al. Delineation of geographical boundaries of settlement niches in mountains of the upper reaches of the Min river and analysis of their vertical differentiation. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2013, 29(5): 572-576.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4831.2013.05.005
[15]	陈勇, 陈国阶. 岷江上游聚落分布规律及其生态特征——以四川理县为例[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 2003, 13(1):72-77. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-8227.2004.01.013
	[Chen Y, Chen Guojie.Distribution of human settlements in the upstream Minjiang River and their ecological characteristics-a case study of Lixian county. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2003, 13(1):72-77.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1004-8227.2004.01.013
[16]	陈勇, 陈国阶, 刘邵权, 等. 川西南山地民族聚落生态研究——以米易县麦地村为例[J]. 山地学报, 2005, 23(1): 108-114. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-2786.2005.01.014
	[Chen Yong, Chen Guojie, Liu Shaoquan et al. Ecological studies of human settlements of ethnic groups in southwestern Sichuan--A case study of maidi village, Miyi county. Journal of Mountain Science, 2005, 23(1): 108-114.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-2786.2005.01.014
[17]	刘延国, 黄成敏, 王青, 等. 岷江上游山区杂谷脑河流域聚落变迁规律及其驱动机制实证研究[J]. 海南师范大学学报:自然科学版, 2014, 27(1): 57-62.
	[Liu Yanguo, Huang Chengmin, Wang Qing et al. An empirical research on evolution characteristics and dynamic mechanism of rural settlements in mountain areas of the Upstream of Minjiang River. Journal of Hainan Normal University(Natural Science), 2014, 27(1): 57-62.]
[18]	Guo Yalin, Wang Qing, Yan Weipo et al. Assessment of habitat suitability in the Upper Reaches of the Min River in China[J]. Journal of Mountain Science, 2015, 12(3): 737-746. doi: 10.1007/s11629-013-2662-0
[19]	蔡运龙, 宋长青, 冷疏影. 中国自然地理学的发展趋势与优先领域[J]. 地理科学, 2009, 29(5): 619-626.
	[Cai Yunlong, Song Changqing, Leng Shuying.Future development trends and priority areas of physical geography in China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2009, 29(5): 619-626.]
[20]	石硕. 岷江上游走廊的历史演变与民族文化特点[M]. 成都: 四川大学出版社, 1996: 43-54.
	[Dan Shuo.Historical evaluation of corridor and characteristic of National culture in the upper reaches of Minjiang River. Chengdu: Sichuan University Press, 1996: 43-54.]
[21]	刘颖, 邓伟, 宋学茜, 等. 基于地形起伏度的山区人口密度修正-以岷江上游为例[J]. 地理科学, 2015, 35(4): 464-470. doi: 10.1007/s11769-002-0041-9
	[Liu Ying, Deng Wei, Song Xueqian et al. Population density correction method in mountain areas based on relief degree of land surface:A case study in the Upper Minjiang River Basin. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2015, 35(4): 464-470.] doi: 10.1007/s11769-002-0041-9
[22]	Roces-Díaz Jose V, Díaz-Varela Ramón A, Álvarez-Álvarez Pet al. A multiscale analysis of ecosystem services supply in the NW Iberian Peninsula from a functional perspective[J]. Ecological Indicators, 2015, 50:24-34. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.10.027
[23]	Roces-Díaz Jose V, Díaz-Varela Emilio R, Álvarez-Álvarez P. Analysis of spatial scales for ecosystem services: Application of the lacunarity concept at landscape level in Galicia (NW Spain)[J]. Ecological Indicators, 2014, 36:495-507. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.09.010
[24]	Dong Pinliang.Lacunarity analysis of raster datasets and 1D, 2D, and 3D point patterns[J]. Computers & Geosciences, 2009, 35(10): 2100-2110. doi: 10.1016/j.cageo.2009.04.001
[25]	常学礼, 张安定, 杨华, 等. 科尔沁沙地景观研究中的尺度效应[J]. 生态学报, 2003, 23(4): 635-641.
	[Chang Xueli, Zhang Anding, Yang Hua et al. Scale effects of landscape research in Kerqin Sandy Land. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2003, 23(4): 635-641.]
[26]	张振明, 余新晓, 朱建刚. 多水平贝叶斯模型预测森林土壤全氮[J]. 生态学报, 2009, 29(10): 5675-5683. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2009.10.059
	[Zhang Zhenming, Yu Xinxiao, Zhu Jiangang.Hierarchical bayesian model for predicting the soil Nitrogen of forest. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2009, 29(10): 5675-5683.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0933.2009.10.059
[27]	Gelman A, Hill J.Data analysis using regression and multilevel/hierarchical models[M]. Cambridge: cambridge university press, 2006: 12-14.
[28]	Fan Min, Shibata Hideaki.Water yield, nitrogen and sediment retentions in Northern Japan (Teshio river watershed): land use change scenarios analysis, Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2016, 21(1): 119-133. doi: 10.1007/s11027-014-9574-3

系数	民族类型
系数	藏族	羌族	汉族	回族	流域内聚落（1667个）
α	61.21 [60.38, 62.05]	56.5 [55.64, 57.32]	60.67 [59.83, 61.51]	49.64 [48.81, 50.47]	59.04 [58.22, 59.89]
β	0.949 [0.936, 0.961]	0.942 [0.928, 0.955]	0.960 [0.948, 0.973]	0.889 [0.875, 0.903]	0.946 [0.934, 0.959]

山区聚落生态位几何特征指标	系数	民族类型
山区聚落生态位几何特征指标	系数	藏族	羌族	汉族	回族	流域内聚落（1667个）
面积	α	0.545 [0.491, 0.598]	0.422 [0.390, 0.454]	0.377 [0.303, 0.458]	0.616 [0.384, 0.824]	0.441 [0.415, 0.467]
面积	β	-0.00428 [-0.0937, 0.0828]	0.109 [0.0463, 0.171]	-0.0622 [-0.258, 0.101]	0.162 [-0.243, 0.691]	0.119 [0.0709, 0.165]
周长	α	0.588 [0.532, 0.645]	0.444 [0.411, 0.476]	0.366 [0.294, 0.441]	0.632 [0.439, 0.837]	0.464 [0.437, 0.490]
周长	β	-0.0775 [-0.173, 0.0172]	0.0618 [-0.00220, 0.125]	-0.0389 [-0.203, 0.116]	0.0275 [-0.384, 0.445]	0.0728 [0.0260, 0.121]
周长/面积	α	0.590 [0.541, 0.641]	0.610 [0.580, 0.641]	0.455 [0.367, 0.544]	0.481 [0.160, 0.747]	0.601 [0.574, 0.627 ]
周长/面积	β	-0.216 [-0.303, -0.135]	-0.210 [-0.272, -0.152]	0.515 [0.311, 0.717]	-0.336 [-0.912, 0.352]	-0.202 [-0.248, -0.153]