中国拐卖儿童犯罪的地理特征研究

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2017.07.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于从公益平台获取的上万条寻亲记录数据,从犯罪地理学的视角探究1980~2015年中国拐卖儿童犯罪的地理特征。研究发现：① 拐卖去向以被收养为主,总量上男童多于女童,频率上低年龄段高发,可分为4个贩运类型。② 犯罪量自1980年以来呈现“倒勺”型波动态势,1989~1998年为高发区间,犯罪受打击力度与人口政策影响明显。③ 犯罪量月变化呈现两个轻微倒“U”型格局,犯罪季节变化较小,夏半年高于冬半年。④ 犯罪呈现“西部集中拐出,东部分散拐入”的“三片两线”的“场-流”空间格局特征,并有一定的带动与回流效应。⑤ 当前拐卖儿童犯罪的空间集聚程度减小,而扩散程度增加,由区域性犯罪发展成全国性犯罪。最后从不同角度和层面对未来的研究作了展望。

关键词: 拐卖儿童犯罪, 时空特征, 犯罪地理学, 中国

Abstract:

Based on over ten thousand pieces of relative-seeking data from a certain online public platform, the basic laws of crime activities of trafficking in children in China during 1980-2015 were examined through a variety of analytical methods like GIS and SPSS from the perspective of geography of crime. It was found that: 1) The main purpose of trafficking is for forced adoption, and the total trafficking amount of the male is more than that of the female. High trafficking frequency occurred at low ages. The female were trafficked more at adolescence stages while boys were trafficked more at baby, infant and children stages. It can be divided into four trafficking types: “family control type”, “adoption tricking type”, “integrated transition type” and “pre-adult labor type”. 2) The amount of crime since 1980 presented a “Pour Spoon” pattern of fluctuations and reached the peak stage during 1989-1998. The crime was significantly affected by the strike policy and population policy with a “seesaw” type of response. Compared to promulgation of legal foul, a direct blow from the public security department was still the most effective way to curb. 3) The number of monthly changes in criminal cases showed two-inverted “U” pattern, with two peak stages from May to August and from October to January. Seasonal variation was not obvious. The crime occurred more frequently during the winter half-year (summer and autumn) than the winter half-year (winter and spring), which indicated temperatures could promote the occurrence of the crime. 4) The crime presented “centralized supply/trafficking-out from the west while decentralized demand/trafficking-in to the east” features: the core area of supply concentrated in Sichuan and Guizhou of Southwest China while the core area of demand concentrated in Fujian, Guangdong, Shandong and Henan. The whole migration pattern of “trafficking from the west to the east” had a linkage to the “push-pull” mechanism resulting from the regional economic difference between eastern and western areas. 5) The crime presented the main “field-flow” features of the spatial pattern as “three-area and two-route” and the two crime flows were formed between the three crime areas with certain driving effect: the south route’s flow was from Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan to Fujian with a certain collateral flow in Guangxi, and the north route’s flow was from Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan to Shandong, Henan and Hebei with a certain collateral flow in Shaanxi. 6) With the time went on, the spatial concentration degree of the crime of trafficking in children presented a descending trend. Gradually in future, the crime was sure to be developed from a regional crime to a national crime, and “Hollow Village” and “Urban Village” would be the potential high-risk areas, which would be a big challenge for future prevention and control. Several research prospects from the perspectives of data, contents, theories, methods and comparison are figured out.

Key words: child trafficking, spatial and temporal characteristics, geography of crime, China

中图分类号:

C912.8

李钢, 谭然, 王会娟, 颜祥, 邵琰. 中国拐卖儿童犯罪的地理特征研究[J]. 地理科学, 2017, 37(7): 1049-1058.

Gang Li, Ran Tan, Huijuan Wang, Xiang Yan, Yan Shao. Geographic Characteristics of Child Trafficking Crime in China[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2017, 37(7): 1049-1058.

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年龄段	性别数量	频率及可能原因	犯罪导向	贩运类型
0岁：新生儿及婴儿期	男童略多于女童	高发期：儿童无任何自救与反抗能力	拐卖（自卖）导向：养子	家庭操控型
1~6岁：幼儿及学龄前期	男童远多于女童	高发期：外出机会多、记忆能力弱、识别能力差	拐卖导向：养子、乞儿	诱骗养子型
7~12岁：学龄期	男童远多于女童	低发期：记忆能力强、识别能力强	拐卖导向：养子、家佣、童工	复合过渡型
13~17岁：青春期	女童远多于男童	低发期：记忆能力强、识别能力强	拐卖导向：童养媳、家佣、童工、性剥削、人体器官交易、盗抢工具	成人劳工型

类型	划分标准	区域
强势拐出中心	总时段拐出指数平均值大于200,拐出侧至少6个时段大于200,拐入指数小于100	西南
中高拐出中心	总时段拐出指数平均值大于100小于200,拐出侧至少6个时段大于100,拐入指数小于100	无
强势拐入中心	总时段拐入指数平均值大于200,拐入侧至少5个时段大于200,拐出指数小于100	无
中高拐入中心	总时段拐入指数平均值大于100小于200,拐入侧至少5个时段大于100,拐出指数小于100	华中、华北、华东
两高中心	总时段拐出指数和拐入指数平均值均大于100,且拐出侧至少6个时段拐入侧至少5个时段大于100	华南