近35年三北防护林体系建设工程的防风固沙效应

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2018.04.014

地理科学 ›› 2018, Vol. 38 ›› Issue (4): 600-609.doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2018.04.014

近35年三北防护林体系建设工程的防风固沙效应

黄麟¹(), 祝萍^1,², 肖桐³, 曹巍¹, 巩国丽⁴

1. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所/陆地表层格局与模拟重点实验室,北京 100101
2. 中国科学院大学,北京100049
3.环境保护部卫星环境应用中心,北京 100094
4.山西省环境规划院,山西太原 030024

收稿日期:2017-03-23 修回日期:2017-05-21 出版日期:2018-04-20 发布日期:2018-04-20
作者简介:
作者简介：黄麟(1981-),女,四川宜宾人,副研究员,博士,主要从事土地利用变化及其生态效应研究。E-mail: huanglin@igsnrr.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFC0506500)、中国科学院前沿科学重点研究项目(QYZDB-SSW-DQC005)资助

The Sand Fixation Effects of Three-North Shelter Forest Program in Recent 35 Years

Lin Huang¹(), Ping Zhu^1,², Tong Xiao³, Wei Cao¹, Guoli Gong⁴

1. Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. Satellite Environment Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100094, China
4. Shanxi Academy of Environmental Planning, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, China

Received:2017-03-23 Revised:2017-05-21 Online:2018-04-20 Published:2018-04-20
Supported by:
[National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0506500), Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences of CAS (QYZDB-SSW-DQC005).]

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

通过分析三北工程区生态系统防风固沙服务量变化,进而评价工程的防风固沙效应。结果表明：① 近35 a,三北工程区林地面积持续增加、草地面积持续减少,特别是半干旱风沙区和黄土高原区。植被覆盖度在前20 a持续增加,近15 a则呈现先下降而后略微增加趋势。②土壤风蚀模数持续减少,近15 a减幅远高于前20 a,沙地、草地、其它类型转林地或转草地区域的减幅尤为明显。生态系统防风固沙服务保有率呈上升态势,干旱荒漠区增幅显著。草地和沙地为工程区生态系统防风固沙服务总量贡献了71%,且转草地区域的贡献高于转林地区域。③ 考虑到植被好转同时受气候变化和人类活动的影响,以风场减弱为主的气候变化导致土壤风蚀力减弱与三北防护林等生态工程对生态系统防风固沙服务变化的贡献率分别介于85%~89%和11%~15%之间。

关键词: 三北防护林体系建设工程, 林地、草地面积变化, 植被覆盖度, 防风固沙

Abstract:

In order to understand the windbreak and sand fixation effects of the Three-North Shelter Forest Program (TNSFP) in recent 35 years, this paper analyzes the amount change of ecosystem sand fixation caused by climate change and vegetation degradation or restoration in the project region, and then assesses the sand fixation effects of the Program. Based on Landsat MSS, TM/ETM+, and environmental satellite (HJ) images, the spatial-temporal datasets of land cover changes in the project region of TNSFP were analyzed in the periods of mid 1970s, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2015, especially the forest and grassland. Combining the NDVI data of AVHRR and MODIS, the vegetation coverage was estimated, and then the change of vegetation coverage in the 1982-2015 was analyzed. The soil erosion modulus were estimated at the regional scale by applying the soil erosion equation (RWEQ), and then the ecosystem services of windbreak and sand fixation were assessed using indicators of amount and retention rate of windbreak and sand fixation. Then the contribution rate of ecological program and climate change to regional ecosystem change was determined by comparing the indexes under the conditions of average climate and real climate. The results showed that: 1) In the past 35 years, the area of forest was continuously increased and grassland was decreased, especially in the semi-arid sandy area and Loess Plateau. The vegetation coverage increased continuously in the before 20 years, and then decreased in recent 15 years. 2) The soil wind erosion modulus is decreased continuously, and the decreasing rate in recent 15 years is much higher than that in the before 20 years. The decreasing rates were especially obvious in sandy land, grassland, and regions planting trees and grassland. The retention ratio of ecosystem windbreak and sand fixation service also increased continuously, especially in arid desert area. Grassland and sandy land contributed 71% of the total amount of windbreak and sand fixation. However, just 6.6% of forest land, and the contribution of conversion grassland was higher than that of conversion forest. 3) In the TNSFP, the weakening of wind erosion force due to reducing wind, and the vegetation restoration in local areas due to TNSFP and other ecological programs, both resulted in a decrease of soil wind erosion, and accounted for 85%-89% and 11%-15% of the decrease. Winter monsoon in mid-latitude Asian is weakened due to global warming. In the project region of TNSFP, the grassland played the most important role in ecosystem service of windbreak and sand fixation, which accounts for more than 63% of the total area. Therefore, the conservation of grassland and sandy land were significant in project region of TNSFP. Project planning and implementation should focus on the transfer of funds from afforestation to grassland conservation and restoration.

Key words: the Three-North Shelter Forest Program, forest and grassland area change, vegetation coverage, windbreak and sand fixation effects

中图分类号:

K903

黄麟, 祝萍, 肖桐, 曹巍, 巩国丽. 近35年三北防护林体系建设工程的防风固沙效应[J]. 地理科学, 2018, 38(4): 600-609.

Lin Huang, Ping Zhu, Tong Xiao, Wei Cao, Guoli Gong. The Sand Fixation Effects of Three-North Shelter Forest Program in Recent 35 Years[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2018, 38(4): 600-609.

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统计单元	土壤风蚀模数变化[t/（hm²·a）]				防风固沙服务量变化[t/（hm²·a）]			防风固沙服务保有率变化（%/a）
统计单元	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅳ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅳ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅳ
林地	-0.52	-0.35	-0.16	1.82	-1.99	-3.08	1.95	0.32	-0.03	0.17
草地	-2.31	-0.48	-0.95	-0.96	-1.82	-2.56	-0.18	0.07	0.05	0.40
沙地	-21.46	-0.41	-4.48	-8.54	-2.02	-3.73	-4.72	-0.58	0.06	-0.28
耕地	-0.86	-0.62	-0.46	-0.35	-0.36	-2.67	-0.10	0.82	0.05	0.56
其它类型转林地		-0.42	-0.52	-2.13	-1.29	-1.64	-1.13	0.42	0.52	0.15
其它类型转草地		-0.51	-1.46	-3.61	-1.29	-3.60	-3.61	0.24	0.48	0.56
半湿润区	-0.50	-0.39	-0.20	3.19	-1.23	-2.96	3.19	0.48	-0.10	0.18
半干旱风沙区	-0.86	-0.61	-1.05	-1.58	-1.74	-4.10	-1.58	0.40	-0.01	0.48
干旱荒漠区	-7.70	-0.57	-1.75	-0.35	-1.22	-1.68	-0.35	-0.24	0.07	0.93
黄土高原区	-0.15	-0.08	-0.06	-4.32	-9.53	-0.19	-4.32	0.48	0.21	-0.04
三北工程区	-5.67	-0.52	-1.24	-2.38	-1.30	-2.40	-0.88	0.08	0.03	0.20

时段	指标	真实气候状况	平均气候状况	生态工程贡献率	气候变化贡献率(%)
1985~2000年	土壤风蚀量（×10⁸t）	117.04	104.51	10.71	89.29
	防风固沙服务量（×10⁸t）	193.28	213.53	10.48	89.52
	防风固沙服务保有率（%）	70.64	69.75	1.26	98.74
2000~2015年	土壤风蚀量（×10⁸t）	86.61	99.37	14.73	85.27
	防风固沙服务量（×10⁸t）	182.53	146.05	19.99	80.01
	防风固沙服务保有率（%）	71.23	68.48	3.86	96.14

近35年三北防护林体系建设工程的防风固沙效应

The Sand Fixation Effects of Three-North Shelter Forest Program in Recent 35 Years

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