传统村落景观脆弱性及其定量评价——以湖南省新田县为例

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2018.08.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以脆弱性理论为基础,提出传统村落景观脆弱性的概念,从“内损性-暴露性”2个维度构建传统村落景观脆弱性定量评价指标体系,通过实地踏勘、文献查阅、问卷调查和访谈等方法获取数据,对湖南省新田县的3个典型传统村落进行定量评价。结果表明：① 3个案例村落的景观脆弱度均为中等脆弱等级：谭文溪村脆弱性最大,河山岩村次之,黑砠岭村脆弱性最小。② 从脆弱度得分贡献来看,系统内部结构是影响传统村落脆弱性的主要驱动因素,暴露性是次要因素。内部结构因素中,民俗文化和传统建筑是主因;外部扰动因素中,旅游开发是主因。③ 从各要素的相对脆弱率看,民俗文化、旅游开发和城镇化分列前3位,是当前传统村落脆弱性最明显、脆弱程度最深的影响因素。④ 评价结果与实际情况比较吻合,说明评价指标体系和评价方法具有一定的可信度。

关键词: 传统村落, 脆弱性, 内损性, 暴露性, 新田县

Abstract:

Assessment of vulnerability is a new perspective and method of traditional village comprehensive research. Based on vulnerability theories, this article puts forward the concept of the fragility of traditional village landscape. The quantitative evaluation index system of landscape vulnerability in traditional villages was constructed from the two dimensions of internal damage and exposure. And the datum are obtained by spot-surveying, literature searching, questionnaires and interviews, etc. Through the quantitative method, evaluating three typical traditional villages in Xintian County, Hunan Province. The results show that the landscape vulnerability of the three case villages is medium vulnerability level, and disparities are not large. Among them, Tan Wenxi village is the most vulnerable, the Heshan rock village is the second, and the Heijuling village the least. In the course of vulnerability score contribution, the internal structure of the system is the main driving factor affecting the vulnerability of traditional villages, and the exposure is the secondary factor. In the internal structural factors, folk culture and traditional architecture are the main factors. Among the external disturbance factors tourism development is the main factor. From the relative vulnerability rate of each element, folklore culture, tourism development and urbanization are the top three factors, which show these three elements are the most obvious vulnerability of traditional villages. The evaluation results are consistent with the actual situation, and all of this indicates the evaluation index system and evaluation method have certain credibility and can provide important management basis for the protection and sustainable discovery of traditional villages.

Key words: traditional villages, vulnerability, internal damage, exposure damage, Xintian County

中图分类号:

邹君, 刘媛, 谭芳慧, 刘沛林. 传统村落景观脆弱性及其定量评价——以湖南省新田县为例[J]. 地理科学, 2018, 38(8): 1292-1300.

Jun Zou, Yuan Liu, Fanghui Tan, Peilin Liu. Landscape Vulnerability and Quantitative Evaluation of Traditional Villages: A Case Study of Xintian County, Hunan Province[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2018, 38(8): 1292-1300.

图/表 5

表1

表2

表3

表4

图1

参考文献 32

[1]	冯骥才. 传统村落的困境与出路——兼谈传统村落是另一类文化遗产[J].民间文化论坛,2013,32(1):7-12.
	[Feng Jicai.The predicament and outlet of traditional villages—Also on traditional villages as another kind of cultural heritage. Forum on Folk Culture,2013,32(1):7-12.]
[2]	石勇,许世远,石纯,等.自然灾害脆弱性研究进展[J].自然灾害学报,2011,20(2):131-137.
	[Shi Yong, Xu Shiyuan, Shi Chun et al. Progress in research on vulnerability of natural disasters. Journal of Natural Disasters,2011,20(2):131-137.]
[3]	周瑶,王静爱.自然灾害脆弱性曲线研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2012,27(4):435-442. doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2012.04.0435
	[Zhou Yao,Wang Jing'ai.A review on development of vulnerability curve of natural disaster.Advances in Earth Science,2012,27(4):435-442.] doi: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2012.04.0435
[4]	韦晶,郭亚敏,孙林,等.三江源地区生态环境脆弱性评价[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(7):1968-1975.
	[Wei Jing,Guo Yamin,Sun Lin et al.Evaluation of ecological environment vulnerability for Sanjiangyuan area.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(7):1968-1975.]
[5]	王瑞燕,赵庚星,周伟,等.县域生态环境脆弱性评价及其动态分析——以黄河三角洲垦利县为例[J].生态学报,2009,29(7):3790-3799.
	[Wang Ruiyan,Zhao Gengxing,Zhou Wei et al.Assessment and dynamic changes of environmental vulnerability at county level: A case study in Ken li County of the Yellow River Delta,China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(7):3790-3799]
[6]	方一平,秦大河,丁永建.气候变化脆弱性及其国际研究进展[J].冰川冻土,2009,31(3):540-545.
	[Fang Yiping,Qin Dahe,Ding Yongjian.Review of advance and orientation of vulnerability research.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2009,31(3):540-545.]
[7]	Martens A P,Mc Evoya D,Chang C.The climate change challenge: Linking vulnerability, adaptation, and mitigation[J]. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability,2009,1(1):14-18. doi: 10.1016/j.cosust.2009.07.010
[8]	夏军,石卫,雒新萍,等.气候变化下水资源脆弱性的适应性管理新认识[J].水科学进展,2015,26(2):279-286.
	[Xia Jun,Shi Wei,Luo Xinping et al.Revisions on water resources vulnerability and adaption measures under climate change.Advances In Water Science,2015,26(2):279-286]
[9]	方创琳,王岩.中国城市脆弱性的综合测度与空间分异特征[J].地理学报,2015,70(2):234-247.
	[Fang Chuanglin,Wang Yan.A comprehensive assessment of urban vulnerability and its spatial differentiation in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(2):234-247.]
[10]	王岩,方创琳,张蔷.城市脆弱性研究评述与展望[J].地理科学进展,2013,32(5):755-768. doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.05.007
	[Wang Yan,Fang Chuanglin,Zhang Qiang.Progress and prospect of urban vulnerability.Progress in Geography,2013,32(5):755-768.] doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.05.007
[11]	田亚平,向清成,王鹏.区域人地耦合系统脆弱性及其评价指标体系[J].地理研究,2013,32(1):55-63.
	[Tian Yaping, Xiang Qingcheng, Wang Peng.Regional coupled human-natural systems vulnerability and its evaluation indexes.Geographical Research,2013,32(1):55-63.]
[12]	刘小茜,王仰麟,彭建.人地耦合系统脆弱性研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2009,24(8):917-927.
	[Liu Xiaoqian,Wang Yanglin,Peng Jian.Progress in vulnerability analysis of coupled human-environment system.Progress in Geography,2009,24(8):917-927.]
[13]	杨龙,汪三贵.贫困地区农户脆弱性及其影响因素分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(10):150-156.
	[Yang Long,Wang Sangui.Households’ vulnerability and determinants analysis in poor areas.China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(10):150-156.]
[14]	聂荣,张志国.中国农村贫困脆弱性动态演化分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版),2014,14(6):63-69.
	[Nie Rong,Zhang Zhiguo.Analysis on the vulnerability to poverty dynamics in Chinese rual household. Journal of Northwest A & F University(social Science Edition),2014,14(6):63-69.]
[15]	杜本峰,李巍巍.农村计划生育家庭生计资本与脆弱性分析[J].人口与发展,2015,21(4):14-26.
	[Du Benfeng Li Weiwei.Analysis on livelihood capital and vulnerability for the rural planned-parenthood family in China.Population And Development,2015,21(4):14-26.]
[16]	方创琳,王岩.中国城市脆弱性的综合测度与空间分异特征[J].地理学报,2015,70(2):234-247.
	[Fang Chuanglin,Wang Yan.A comprehensive assessment of urban vulnerability and its spatial differentiation in China.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(2):234-247.]
[17]	李洁,赵锐锋,谢作轮.甘肃省区域社会—生态系统脆弱性综合评价[J].经济地理,2015,35(12):168-175.
	[Li Jie,Zhao Ruifeng,Xie Zuolun.The comprehensive assessment of vulnerability in social-ecological system of Gansu province.Economic Geography,2015,35(12):168-175.]
[18]	霍晓卫,张晶晶,张杰.兼容传统村镇复杂情况探索聚落价值评估盲区——《传统村镇保护价值评价标准》编制实践[J].南方建筑,2013,33(5):80-85.
	[Huo Xiaowei,Zhang Jingjing,Zhang Jie.Consider the comprehensive situations of historic towns and villages, explore the blind spot in value evaluation of settlements:Compiling practice of evaluation standards for the conservation value of historic towns and villages.South Architecture,2013,33(5):80-85.]
[19]	张耀天,姜深予.中国传统村镇旅游发展研究20年历程与展望[J].资源开发与市场,2011,27(3):285-288.
	[Zhang Yaotian,Jiang Shenyu.Commentary and prospect on tourism development of traditional villages and towns in China.Resource Development And Market,2011,27(3):285-288.]
[20]	车震宇,保继刚.传统村落旅游开发与形态变化研究[J].规划师,2006(6):45-60.
	[Che Zhenyu, Bao Jigang.Research on tourism development of traditional villages and the change of form.Planners,2006(6):45-60.]
[21]	朱桃杏,陆林,王辉.传统村镇旅游承载力比较研究——徽州古村落群与江南古镇旅游发展比较[J].石家庄铁道大学学报(社会科学版),2010,4(3):32-36.
	[Zhu Taoxing,Liu Lin,Wang Hui.Comparative study on tourism carrying capacity of traditional village and town resorts a comparative analysis of Huizhou ancient village buildings and tourism development in old towns south of Yangtze Rive. Journal of Shijiazhuang Tiedao University (Social Science),2010,4(3):32-36.]
[22]	胡诗文,陈金华.中国历史文化名村名镇空间分异及影响因素研究[J].小城镇建设,2016,34(7):62-67.
	[Hu Shiwen, Chen Jinhua.Research on spatial differentiation and influence factors of the historic cultural towns and villages in China.Development of Small Cites & Towns,2016,34(7):62-67.]
[23]	刘沛林. 中国传统聚落景观基因图谱的构建与应用研究[D].北京:北京大学,2011.
	[Liu Peilin.On construction and utilization of Chinese traditional settlements landscape’s genetic map.Beijing:Beijing University,2011.]
[24]	李鹤,张平宇,程叶青.脆弱性的概念及其评价方法[J].地理科学进展,2008,27(2):18-25. doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2008.02.003
	[Li He,Zhang Pingyu,Cheng Yeqing.Concepts and assessment methods of vulnerability. Progress in Geography,2008,27(2):18-25.] doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2008.02.003
[25]	White G F.Natural hazards[M].Oxford: Oxford University Press,1974.
[26]	Cutter S L.Living with risk:The geography of technological hazards[M]. London:Edward Arnold,1993.
[27]	Bogard WC.Bringing social theory to hazards research: Condition sand consequences of the mitigation of environmental hazards[J].Sociological Perspectives,1988,31(2):147-168. doi: 10.2307/1389080
[28]	Adger W N, Kelly P M.Social vulnerability to climate change and the architecture of entitlements[J].Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,1999,4(3-4):253-266. doi: 10.1023/A:1009601904210
[29]	汤茂林. 文化景观的内涵及其研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2000,19(1):71-79.
	[Tang Maolin.The inventory and progress of cultural landscape study.Progress in Geography,2000,19(1):71-79.]
[30]	湖南省统计局.湖南省统计年鉴[M].长沙:湖南人民出版社,2006-2016.
	[Hunan Bureau of Statistics. Statistical Yearbook of Hunan Province.Changsha: Hunan People's Publishing House,2006-2016.]
[31]	邹君,杨玉蓉,田亚平,等.南方丘陵区农业水资源脆弱性概念与评价[J].自然资源学报,2007,27(2):302-310.
	[Zou Jun,Yang Yurong,Tian Yaping et al.Concept and assessment on vulnerability of agricultural water resource in hilly area of Southern China.Journal of Natural Resources,2007,27(2):302-310.]
[32]	梁政,董超群,田家林,等.层次分析法确定压缩机整体评价部件权重[J].西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2014,36(5):176-184. doi: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.04.15.03
	[Liang Zheng,Dong Chaoqun,Tian Jialin et al.China component weight factor determination of the nature gas compressor integrity assessment based on AHP.Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science & Technology Edition),2014,36(5):176-184.] doi: 10.11885/j.issn.1674-5086.2013.04.15.03

	系统	要素	具体指标	指标性质
传统村落景观脆弱性	内损性（R₁）	传统建筑(B)	建筑材质（X₁）	–
			久远度（X₂）	+
			建筑结构（X₃）	–
			民居废弃率（X₄）	+
		民俗文化(C)	活跃度（X₅）	–
			传承人数量（X₆）	–
			传承人年龄（X₇）	+
			习俗丰富度（X₈）	–
		思想观念(I)	政府重视度（X₉）	–
			古居认可度（X₁₀）	–
			习俗认可度（X₁₁）	–
	暴露性（R₂）	城镇化(U)	通达度（X₁₂）	+
			城镇化率（X₁₃）	+
			二产产值占比（X₁₄）	+
		旅游开发(T)	旅游收入占比（X₁₅）	+
			认可度（X₁₆）	–
			村落知名度（X₁₇）	+
		自然灾害(N)	火灾频度（X₁₈）	+
			水灾频度（X₁₉）	+
			地质灾害频度（X₂₀）	+

定性指标	分级赋值
定性指标	不脆弱（=10分）	微脆弱（=30分）	中脆弱（=50分）	强脆弱（=70分）	极脆弱（=90分）
X₁：建筑材质	石质	青砖	粘土砖	木	竹
X₂：久远度	民国时期	清朝	明朝	元朝	宋朝
X₃：建筑结构	砖石结构	砖木结构	木结构	竹结构	土木结构
X₅：活跃度	很活跃	较活跃	一般	不活跃	极不活跃
X₆：传承人数量	很多	较多	一般	较少	极少
X₇：传承人年龄	年轻化	中年居多	一般	偏老龄化	严重老龄化
X₈：习俗丰富度	非常多	较多	一般	较少	极少
X₉：政府重视程度	非常重视	比较重视	一般	不重视	极不重视
X₁₀：古居认可度	非常认可	比较认可	一般	不太认可	极不认可
X₁₁：习俗认可度	非常认可	比较认可	一般	不太认可	极不认可
X₁₆：认可度	非常支持	比较支持	无所谓	不太支持	反对
X₁₇：村落知名度	县域知名	地区知名	全省知名	全国知名	全球知名

定量指标	指标分级标准
定量指标	不脆弱	微脆弱	中脆弱	强脆弱	极脆弱
X₄：民居废弃率（%）	<8	8~15	16~19	20~23	>23
X₁₂：通达度（h）	>4.3	4.2~2.7	2.6~1.7	1.6~0.9	<0.8
X₁₃：城镇化率（%）	<8	9~18	19~52	53~76	>77
X₁₄：二产产值比重（%）	<10	11~23	24~57	58~80	>81
X₁₅：旅游收入占比（%）	<9	10~19	20~53	54~77	>77
X₁₈：火灾频度（次/10 a）	0	1	2~3	3~4	>4
X₁₉：水灾频度（次/10 a）	0	1	2~3	3~4	>4
X₂₀：地质灾害频度（次/10 a）	0	1	2~3	3~4	>4

系统	得分			平均得分	要素	得分			平均得分	指标	指标权重	得分			平均得分
系统	谈文溪村	黑砠岭村	河山岩村	平均得分	要素	谈文溪村	黑砠岭村	河山岩村	平均得分	指标	指标权重	谈文溪村	黑砠岭村	河山岩村	平均得分
R₁	30.21	29.21	30.54	29.987	B	10.78	8.99	8.97	9.58	X₁	0.108	3.542	3.456	3.240	3.41
										X₂	0.094	5.170	2.350	1.974	3.16
										X₃	0.073	1.321	1.789	1.781	1.63
										X₄	0.028	0.745	1.392	1.972	1.37
					C	13.32	15.39	14.84	14.52	X₅	0.052	3.710	4.346	4.028	4.03
										X₆	0.040	3.200	3.280	3.040	3.17
										X₇	0.030	2.400	2.220	2.640	2.42
										X₈	0.059	4.012	5.546	5.133	4.90
					I	6.11	4.83	6.73	5.89	X₉	0.074	3.774	2.886	5.032	3.90
										X₁₀	0.053	1.855	0.742	0.742	1.11
										X₁₁	0.048	0.480	1.200	0.960	0.88
R₂	16.35	16.61	14.12	15.69	U	4.57	4.57	4.52	4.55	X₁₂	0.048	0.816	0.816	0.768	0.80
										X₁₃	0.036	1.836	1.836	1.836	1.84
										X₁₄	0.040	1.920	1.920	1.920	1.92
					T	8.91	10.11	8.08	9.03	X₁₅	0.056	2.744	3.248	2.744	2.91
										X₁₆	0.035	3.150	3.011	3.150	3.10
										X₁₇	0.052	3.016	3.848	2.184	3.02
					N	2.87	1.93	1.52	2.11	X₁₈	0.027	0.540	0.405	0.270	0.41
										X₁₉	0.031	2.170	1.364	1.085	1.54
										X₂₀	0.016	0.160	0.160	0.160	0.16
TVATVI	46.56	45.82	44.66	45.68		46.56	45.82	44.66	45.68			46.561	45.815	44.659	45.68
脆弱等级	中级	中级	中级	中级		中级	中级	中级	中级			中级	中级	中级	中级