地缘结构：理论基础、概念及其分析框架

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2019.07.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

借鉴哲学及相关学科、学者对结构主义研究的最新进展,特别是社会理论对社会结构、国际关系学对国际社会结构和地理学对空间结构的研究,探讨了地缘结构的理论基础、概念和分析框架。地缘结构的分析框架包括5部分,即作为构成物的结构、作为过程的结构、结构系统、2个层次和2种作用机制;对地缘结构的每部分及不同部分之间的联系以及如何形成单一的整体结构进行阐述;最后对使用地缘结构存在的一些问题和当前的国际形势进行了简单讨论。

关键词: 地缘政治, 地缘体, 地缘结构, 结构主义, 建构主义, 空间哲学

Abstract:

With the diversification of the research paradigm and methods of human geography, the research perspectives and methods of geopolitics, as an important branch of human geography, also become diversified. Especially since the 1960s, the structural turn of geopolitics has led to a number of important research results in geopolitics. However, on the whole, the study of geographical structure is too simple and immature. Drawing on the latest progress of structuralism in philosophy and related disciplines, especially the study of social theory on social structure, international relations on international social structure and geography on spatial structure, this article discusses the theoretical basis, concept and analytical framework of geo-structure. The analytical framework of the geostructure consists of 5 parts: structure as a component, structure as a process, structure system, 2 levels of structure and 2 mechanisms of action. The contents that constitute the geo-structure can be roughly divided into 3 kinds, namely, material structure, conceptual structure and spatial structure. The structure as a process focuses on exploring the relationships and their interdependence within the structure, and the impact of these changes on the identities and interests of geo-bodies, which means that the structure itself is changing. The geo-structural system has not been seriously studied. But with the advent of the geo-economic era, the transformation of Hobbes culture to Lockean culture, especially the interdependence under various relations, makes the international anarchic society move towards a structural system composed of politics, military, economy and culture. The 2 levels of the geopolitical structure and the 2 mechanisms are closely linked, reflecting the relationship between geo-bodies and the geopolitical structure in which the geopolitical body is placed. Each part of the geo-structure should form a whole in order to explore its impact. In the end, some problems in using geo-structure and the current international situations are briefly discussed in this study.

Key words: geopolitics, geopolitical body, geo-structure, structuralism, constructivism, space philosophy

中图分类号:

K901.4

胡志丁,陆大道. 地缘结构：理论基础、概念及其分析框架[J]. 地理科学, 2019, 39(7): 1045-1054.

Hu Zhiding,Lu Dadao. Geo-structure: Theoretical Basis, Concept and Analytical Framework[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2019, 39(7): 1045-1054.

图/表 4

图1

表1

社会结构发展阶段、代表人物与核心观点"

发展阶段	代表人物	核心观点
早期	孔德	社会是一种有规律的结构,它与生物有机体有极大的相似性,是一个由各种要素组成的整体。社会结构：人-家庭-阶级或种族-城市和社区。
	斯宾塞	他提出了宏观结构的总体规模、复杂性和差异性的问题,并在区分结构与功能的基础上,引入功能需求的概念。社会是由“支持”“分配”“调节”三大系统组成的结构。
	涂尔干	提出3个基本假设：① 社会是一个实体,是不可化约的;② 社会的各个部分可以满足社会实体的基本需求;③ 功能需求是社会需求。社会结构分成2种类型：一种以低度分工为基础构成的机械团结类型;一种以高度分工和广泛的相互依赖为基础构成的有机团结类型。
	马克思	一是将“结构”看作关系总和;二是把社会结构视为矛盾关系体;三是社会结构变化的动力来源于社会内部的矛盾运动。
帕森斯时代	帕森斯	社会结构是具有不同基本功能的、多层面的次系统所形成的一种“总体社会系统”,包含执行“目的达成”“适应”“整合”“模式维护”4项基本的完整系统。
帕森斯时代	列维-斯特劳斯	所谓结构是那种决定历史、社会与文化中的诸具体事件和行为的基本的规则整体。这种规则整体就是深层结构。结构也指现象的表面秩序,是基本精神过程的表层显现。深层结构决定表层秩序。
后帕森斯时代	阿尔都塞	多元决定论的结构因果观：社会整体是一个复杂的、有结构的统一体,它由许多层次组成,经济基础仅仅是其中的一个层次,只是在最终起决定作用。其他层次仍有相对的独立、自主性。
后帕森斯时代	吉登斯	结构是潜在于社会系统不断再造过程中的规则和资源。结构恰似某种抽象的规则,是能够使某种构造性行为成为可能的虚幻的存在。资源属于行动的外在条件,是行动者用于具体行为的材料。结构的二重性：社会结构既是由人类的行动建构起来的,同时又是人类行动得以建构的条件和中介。
后结构主义时期	福科	语言决定了主体,决定了主体行动的取向,也就决定了社会结构。透过话语,揭示了隐藏在其后的深层结构——权力关系。权力通过一系列复杂的程序和隐藏的手段,来控制、选择、组织和传播作为话语形式的知识。这种知识构成了认知范畴,实际上又制约着一个时代的知识和认识方式的那些结构。
后结构主义时期	布希亚	符号本身拥有了自己的生命,并建构出1种新的社会秩序,而由模型、符码、符号来形塑其结构。后结构景观是：符号取代并超越了现实,使得现实与非现实的界限消失。大众拒绝由这些符号构成的社会规范,导致社会性的消失,整个社会终结。

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