地理科学 ›› 2019, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (10): 1612-1620.doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2019.10.010
收稿日期:
2018-09-10
修回日期:
2018-11-07
出版日期:
2019-10-10
发布日期:
2019-10-10
通讯作者:
甄峰
E-mail:zhenfeng@nju.edu.cn
作者简介:
曹阳(1989-),男,江苏南京人,博士研究生,主要从事大数据与健康城市规划研究。E-mail:834154997@qq.com
基金资助:
Cao Yang1,2,3, Zhen Feng1,2(), Jiang Yupei1,2
Received:
2018-09-10
Revised:
2018-11-07
Online:
2019-10-10
Published:
2019-10-10
Contact:
Zhen Feng
E-mail:zhenfeng@nju.edu.cn
Supported by:
摘要:
快速城镇化在改变城市空间形态与布局的同时也对公众健康产生了间接影响,城市建成环境对居民健康的影响过程与作用模式的研究,一直是预防医学、地理学与环境科学等多学科关注的热点。以居民日常体力活动为中介变量,围绕“城市建成环境与居民健康关系”这一健康地理学研究的重要分支方向,提炼了不同尺度建成环境与居民健康关系的概念模型与作用模式。在此基础上,提出了“建成环境客观组织-居民主观感知-体力活动促进-健康效应产出”系统性研究框架,并从数据来源、研究方法、重点研究内容3个方面阐述了具体研究思路,认为通过居民活动识别空间利用与方案优化是未来微观尺度健康地理研究的重要结合方向,为后续实证研究提供理论支撑与范式借鉴,同时也为相关公共卫生政策制定提供参考依据。
中图分类号:
曹阳, 甄峰, 姜玉培. 基于活动视角的城市建成环境与居民健康关系研究框架[J]. 地理科学, 2019, 39(10): 1612-1620.
Cao Yang, Zhen Feng, Jiang Yupei. The Framework of Relationship Between Built Environment and Residents' Healthy Based on Activity Perspective[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2019, 39(10): 1612-1620.
表1
不同城市环境涵义梳理与概念辨析"
环境类型 | 基本含义 | 组成要素 | 影响健康形式 |
---|---|---|---|
建成环境 | 通过人为规划设计、建设改造等方式构建的城市功能空间、交通系统等实体空间 | 土地利用、交通系统、建筑环境以及基础设施等多要素构成的空间组织 | 通过促进公众体力活动、促进邻里交往等方式主动干预居民身心健康 |
人居环境 | 人居环境是人类工作劳动、生活居住、休憩游乐和社会交往的空间场所 | 从人类聚居整体的角度强调政治、社会、文化、技术等各要素体系的综合协同 | 通过协同整合不同要素,实现人类生产、生活、生态空间的动态平衡,进而为人类营造健康稳定的栖息环境 |
邻里环境 | 作为微观社会环境的体现形式,是社会组织环境与各种公众的关系网络 | 包括个体、家庭或团体组织的社会、经济、文化和心理等范畴 | 良好的邻里环境能够消除各种犯罪诱因,相应促进居民户外交往等体力活动的产生 |
自然环境 | 主要指由水土、地域、气候等自然事物所形成的环境 | 包括大气圈、水圈、生物圈、土壤圈、岩石圈5个组成部分 | 通过良好的空气质量与气候环境等直接影响居民健康 |
表3
居民日常体力活动类型划分"
活动分类 | 基本含义 | 主要活动场所 | 活动形式 | 基本特征 | 健康效应 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
休闲型 | 以休憩娱乐为目 的的身体活动 | 一般发生在娱乐设施、 景区绿地、学校、工厂 等场所 | 景区游玩、散步、邻里 交往等形式 | 一般耗时在0.5 h以上, 活动强度中等 | 适当的体力活动对改善慢性疾病与亚健康状态(BMI指数)起着积极作用,而超量或体力活动不足将损害健康水平 |
交通型 | 以日常通勤出行 为主的身体活动 | 一般发生于非机动车 道或步行道 | 非机动车或步行等交 通方式 | 一般耗时在0.5 h左右, 活动强度较大 | |
家务型 | 以家务类工作为 主的身体活动 | 一般发生于住宅空间 | 买菜做饭、卫生打扫、 洗碗洗衣等形式 | 一般耗时在1 h以内, 活动强度一般 | |
职业型 | 以体力型工作为 主的身体活动 | 一般位于工作单位 | 各种职业类型的体 力劳动 | 一般耗时较长,活动强 度较大 |
表4
已有城市尺度建成环境与居民健康关系研究方法梳理"
研究方法 | 数据来源 | 研究尺度 | 文献来源 |
---|---|---|---|
常规统计分析(多元概率模型、二层嵌套Logit模型、多项式Logit模型、Logistic回归模型等) | 统计年鉴与问卷访谈 | 主要为街区尺度与村镇尺度 | Cutchin M P[ |
定性分析(通过文献比较,综述研究思路、方法与重点方向) | 相关文献资料 | 主要为城市尺度 | Kearns R et al. [ |
基础空间分析(GIS空间位置制图、GIS可达性分析、最短距离分析等) | 统计年鉴与抽样问卷访谈 | 主要为城市尺度 | Rosero-Bixby L. [ [ |
时空统计分析(空间自相关模型、空间热点探测模型、地理探测器模型等) | 区域、城市、街区等不同尺度 | Ren Y et al. [ |
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