转型期中国大城市流动人口的身份认同、特征与机制

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2020.01.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

采用2014年国家卫生计生委“流动人口社会融合及心理健康调查”专题数据,基于流动人口对城市和家乡的身份认同情况,结合多项分类Logistic模型等计量分析,探讨了流动人口身份认同的模式、特征及其主要影响因素。研究发现：①流动人口身份认同分为融合型、同化型、分离型和边缘型,总体上流动人口对流入地的城市身份认同较低;②除了个人因素以外,流动人口的身份认同还受到城市和家乡的双重影响,例如城市住房、社区类型、城市歧视感知、城市行为观念适应、乡愁情感以及家乡土地等因素;③存在从分离型到融合型、再到同化型的衍化路径,但部分流动人口会从分离型转化为边缘型;④ 同化型流动人口的心理健康水平和生活满意度高于其他类型流动人口。基于实证结果提出,在促进流动人口社会融合的制度设计中,需从城乡两个方面同时着手,并积极推进其实现身份认同上的同化。

关键词: 流动人口, 市民化, 身份认同, 社会融合, 乡愁

Abstract:

In the context of citizenization, the research of migrant identity is of great significance to promote social integration and people-oriented urbanization. The existing studies have paid little attention to the dual identification mode of migrants, that is, identification with the city is not necessarily separated from the identification with their hometown. This study, drawing data from the Survey of Social Integration and Mental Health of Migrants in 2014, analyses migrants’ identification patterns, characteristic and influence factors based on the migrants’ identification of hometown and city. Firstly, the results show that migrants have four identification patterns including integration, assimilation, separation and marginalization, and in general migrants have low identification with the city. Secondly, migrants’ identity is significantly affected by the factors related to the city where they live and their hometown, such as urban housing, neighborhood type, urban discrimination experience, adaptation to urban life, nostalgia emotions and hometown lands. Thirdly, our study identified that a developmental path for different identification patterns, which is from separation to integration and then to assimilation, but some migrants’ identity also would change from separation to marginalization if without policy intervention. Last but not the least, assimilated migrants are healthier and happier than the other types. According to above findings, we suggest that policy makers should consider both city and hometown factors to promote social integration for migrants, and try the best to achieve assimilation in terms of migrants’ identification with the city.

Key words: migrants, citizenization, identity, social integration, nostalgia

中图分类号:

K901.2

李志刚, 梁奇, 林赛南. 转型期中国大城市流动人口的身份认同、特征与机制[J]. 地理科学, 2020, 40(1): 40-49.

Li Zhigang, Liang Qi, Lin Sainan. Identity, Characteristics and Mechanism of Migrants in Large Chinese Cities of Transitional China[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2020, 40(1): 40-49.

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	变量名称	变量描述	均值	标准差
身份认同	身份认同类型	融合型=1,同化型=2,分离型=3,边缘型=4	2.689	0.793
个人特征	年龄（岁）	连续性变量	32.691	8.718
	性别	男性=1,女性=2	1.450	0.498
	婚姻状况	在婚=1,单身、离异=2	1.268	0.443
	本次流动时间（a）	连续性变量	4.255	4.431
	本地方言掌握情况	不懂=1,听懂一些但不会讲=2,听得懂会讲一些=3,听得懂也会讲=4	2.867	1.096
社会经济因素	受教育水平（a）	文盲=0,小学=6,初中=9,高中=12,大学专科=15,大学本科=16,硕士及以上=19	10.376	2.833
	就业情况	有工作=1,无业=2	1.083	0.276
	个人月收入（千元）	连续性变量	3.592	3.992
制度因素	户口	非农业户口=1,农业户口=2	1.860	0.347
城市客观因素	住房类型	自有住房=1,租房=2	1.901	0.299
	社区类型	商品房社区=1,单位社区=2,未经改造的老城区=3,城中村或郊区农村=4	3.112	1.215
城市主观因素	城市歧视感知	我觉得本地人愿意接受我成为其中一员（反向评分）我感觉本地人不愿与我做邻居我感觉本地人不喜欢我我感觉本地人看不起我	7.336*	2.163*
	城市行为观念适应	我的卫生习惯与本地市民存在较大差别我的衣着打扮与本地市民存在较大差别我的教育理念或养老观念与本地市民存在较大不同我对一些社会问题的看法与本地市民存在较大差别	14.423*	2.896*
家乡客观因素	家乡有无土地	有地=1,无地=2	1.177	0.382
家乡主观因素	乡愁情感	遵守家乡的风俗（比如婚丧嫁娶）对我来说比较重要按照家乡的习惯办事对我来说比较重要我的孩子应该学会说家乡话保持家乡的生活方式（如饮食习惯）对我来说比较重要	14.627*	2.625*

变量		所有样本	融合型	同化型	分离型	边缘型
身份认同类型		100%	14.92%	7.06%	72.19%	5.83%
样本数量		15997	2386	1130	11548	933
个人因素
年龄（岁）	均值	32.69	33.03	34.44	32.46	32.61
性别	男	55.00%	54.44%	56.73%	54.75%	57.45%
性别	女	45.00%	45.56%	43.27%	45.25%	42.55%
婚姻状况	单身、离异	26.82%	25.52%	21.15%	28.06%	21.65%
婚姻状况	在婚	73.18%	74.48%	78.85%	71.94%	78.35%
本次流动时间（a）	均值	4.21	4.56	5.35	3.98	4.78
本地方言掌握情况	不懂	14.89%	7.12%	5.31%	17.27%	16.93%
	听懂一些但不会讲	22.99%	16.26%	15.04%	24.62%	29.58%
	听得懂会讲一些	22.69%	22.84%	21.42%	22.70%	23.79%
	听得懂也会讲	39.43%	53.77%	58.23%	35.42%	29.69%
受教育水平（a）	均值	10.38	10.88	10.82	10.21	10.58
就业情况	无业	8.31%	7.88%	8.76%	8.15%	10.93%
	有工作	91.68%	92.12%	91.24%	91.85%	89.07%
个人月收入（千元）	均值	3.59	3.69	3.94	3.49	4.24
户口	农业户口	86.00%	78.83%	76.37%	88.56%	84.24%
户口	非农户口	14.00%	21.17%	23.63%	11.44%	15.76%
城市因素
住房类型	租房	90.10%	81.31%	75.31%	93.50%	88.42%
住房类型	自有住房	9.90%	18.69%	24.69%	6.50%	11.58%
社区类型	商品房社区	21.38%	32.23%	34.07%	18.12%	18.65%
	单位社区	4.71%	4.99%	7.26%	4.55%	3.00%
	未经改造的老城区	15.24%	15.00%	17.17%	15.42%	11.25%
	城中村或郊区农村	58.67%	47.78%	41.50%	61.92%	67.10%
城市歧视感知	均值	7.34	6.67	6.45	7.52	7.81
城市行为观念适应	均值	14.42	15.02	15.35	14.27	13.65
家乡因素
家乡有无土地	无地	17.72%	23.64%	25.93%	15.02%	25.94%
家乡有无土地	有地	82.28%	76.36%	74.07%	84.98%	74.06%
乡愁情感	均值	14.63	14.56	13.54	14.77	14.28

身份认同变量（参考组：融合型）	同化型		分离型		边缘型
身份认同变量（参考组：融合型）	B	Exp(B)	B	Exp(B)	B	Exp(B)
个人因素
男性（参考组：女性）	0.107	1.113	0.005	1.005	0.143	1.153
年龄	0.016**	1.016	-0.002	0.998	-0.013*	0.987
在婚（参考组：单身、离异）	0.042	1.043	-0.111	0.895	0.217	1.243
本次流动时间	0.017*	1.017	-0.011	0.989	0.025**	1.026
不懂本地方言（参考组：听得懂也会讲）	-0.175	0.840	1.038***	2.824	1.228***	3.414
听懂一些但不会讲本地方言（参考组：听得懂也会讲）	-0.091	0.913	0.707***	2.028	1.025***	2.786
听得懂会讲一些本地方言（参考组：听得懂也会讲）	-0.105	0.900	0.310***	1.363	0.536***	1.709
受教育水平	-0.023	0.977	-0.024*	0.977	0.018	1.018
有工作（参考组：无业）	-0.197	0.821	-0.067	0.935	-0.381**	0.683
个人月收入	0.012	1.012	0.012	1.012	0.033***	1.034
非农业户口（参考组：农业户口）	0.026	1.026	-0.288***	0.750	-0.390**	0.677
城市因素
自有住房（参考组：租房）	0.205*	1.227	-0.718***	0.488	-0.255	0.775
单位社区（参考组：商品房社区）	0.509**	1.664	0.212	1.236	0.188	1.207
未经改造的老城区（参考组：商品房社区）	0.201	1.223	0.327***	1.386	0.276	1.317
城中村或郊区农村（参考组：商品房社区）	0.029	1.030	0.351***	1.420	0.687***	1.988
城市歧视感知	-0.039*	0.961	0.156***	1.169	0.188***	1.207
城市行为观念适应	0.021	1.021	-0.030**	0.971	-0.101***	0.904
家乡因素
家乡无地（参考组：有地）	0.007	1.007	-0.111	0.895	0.496***	1.642
乡愁情感	-0.144***	0.866	0.008	1.008	-0.078***	0.925
截距	0.811		0.783**		-0.595
Chi²	2126.414***
-2 Log likelihood	25771.868
Nagelkerke R²	0.151

	同化型	融合型	分离型	边缘型	F	P
样本数量	1130	2386	11548	933
心理健康水平	27.07±2.91a	26.87±3.08a	26.50±3.04b	26.14±3.49c	25.934	0.000
主观幸福感	24.25±6.23a	23.41±6.14b	21.32±6.15c	21.41±6.37c	137.324	0.000