基于大数据的上海中心城区建成环境与城市活力关系分析

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2020.01.008

地理科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (1): 60-68.doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2020.01.008

基于大数据的上海中心城区建成环境与城市活力关系分析

塔娜^1,², 曾屿恬², 朱秋宇², 吴佳雨³

^1. 华东师范大学地理信息科学教育部重点实验室, 上海 200241
^2. 华东师范大学地理科学学院, 上海 200241
^3. 浙江大学园林研究所, 浙江杭州 310058

收稿日期:2019-03-18 修回日期:2019-06-08 出版日期:2020-01-10 发布日期:2020-03-17
作者简介:塔娜（1986-）,女,蒙古族,内蒙古包头人,副研究员,从事城市社会地理学与行为地理学研究。E-mail: nta@geo.ecnu.edu.cn
基金资助:
上海市科委软科学计划重点项目(18692107700);国家自然科学基金项目(41971200);国家自然科学基金项目(51908488);中央高校基本科研业务费项目(2018ECNU-QKT001);上海市城市更新及其空间优化技术重点实验室开放课题(2019030212);中国科学院区域可持续发展分析与模拟重点实验室开放基金(KF2018-04)

Relationship Between Built Environment and Urban Vitality in Shanghai Downtown Area Based on Big Data

Ta Na^1,², Zeng Yutian², Zhu Qiuyu², Wu Jiayu³

^1. Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science, Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
^2. School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
^3. Institute of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China

Received:2019-03-18 Revised:2019-06-08 Online:2020-01-10 Published:2020-03-17
Supported by:
Soft Science Research Program Supported by the Shanghai Committee of Science and Technology(18692107700);National Natural Science Foundation of China(41971200);National Natural Science Foundation of China(51908488);Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2018ECNU-QKT001);Open Projects Fund of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urban Renewal and Spatial Optimization Technology(2019030212);Funding from Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Chinese Academy of Sciences(KF2018-04)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

运用大众点评数据、出租车到达数据与文化设施POI数据测度城市活力的经济、社会和文化维度,在街区和街道层面分析城市活力的空间结构特征,建立计量模型分析城市建成环境对城市活力的影响关系。结果表明：①上海中心城区城市活力表现出明显的空间差异,主要表现为由中心向四周递减、浦西优于浦东的总体特征;②街区和街道尺度影响城市活力的建成环境因素存在差异;③街区尺度建成环境对城市社会、经济和文化活力的影响存在差异：提升人口密度对经济活力具有正面影响,过高的人口密度可能不利于社会和文化活力发展;增加POI密度、路网密度和POI混合度有利于城市活力的提升;建筑层数和建筑密度的增加会降低街区的社会活力和文化活力,但会提升街区的经济活力;交通可达性有利于经济活力的提升。

关键词: 大数据, 城市活力, 建成环境, 社会空间, 上海

Abstract:

Research on urban vitality has drawn more attention from different disciplines and perspectives such as urban geography, urban planning and urban government. Urban vitality is not only an important symbol of urban sustainable development, but also an important factor for cities to retain high-skilled talents, which could improve the competitiveness of the city. Studying urban vitality is conducive for us to re-understanding the city in a new perspective and improving urban human-oriented planning and management for the government, especially for some megacities and international cities which contain a large population. Urban vitality, consisting of economic vitality, social vitality and cultural vitality, reflects the level of urban development capacity and quality of life, which is also closely related to the citizens. In order to discover the urban vitality in Shanghai, this paper uses multi-source data, including dianping’s data which counts the number of businesses in the studying area to reflect the economic vitality, urban taxi arrival data in one week to reflect the social vitality and cultural facilities data in the studying area to reflect cultural vitality, to measure urban vitality from two scale: both block and sub-district level. Based on this comprehensive measurement, this article intends to analyze the spatial outcome characteristics of urban vitality in different blocks and sub-districts. This article also establishes a regression models for analyzing the impact mechanism of urban built environment which consists of multiple elements on urban vitality. It is found that the urban vitality of Shanghai is higher in the central area, decreasing from the central area to the surrounding area in the city. In the meanwhile, the value of urban vitality in Puxi area is higher than Pudong area, which means the daily activities and communication in Puxi area are more dynamic than these in Pudong area. Apart from differences between Puxi and Pudong areas, there are also distinctions regarding to the factors of built environments effecting the urban vitality between block level and street level. On the block level, it is found that the built environments effect significantly to different types of urban vitality and the comprehensive vitality. What’s more, for each vitality, the effect shows in different ways. Specifically, the increase of population density will influence the urban vitality by firstly in an active way then in a passive one. Especially for social and cultural vitality, the high density of population is not beneficial. For the facilities, increase of POI density and road network density presenting completeness and POI mixing degree presenting the variety of land use will promote all kinds of the vitality and comprehensive vitality. In the respect of the design, the increase of average building layers and building density will reduce the social vitality and cultural vitality, but will enhance the economic vitality and comprehensive vitality of the block at the same time. And in terms of the access to public transportation, the distance to the nearest bus station will increase the economic vitality of the block. According to the discoveries about the spatial pattern and the effecting factors of urban vitality, this article proves improving the built environment is meaningful to the development of urban.

Key words: big data, urban vitality, built environment, social space, Shanghai City

中图分类号:

K901.2

塔娜, 曾屿恬, 朱秋宇, 吴佳雨. 基于大数据的上海中心城区建成环境与城市活力关系分析[J]. 地理科学, 2020, 40(1): 60-68.

Ta Na, Zeng Yutian, Zhu Qiuyu, Wu Jiayu. Relationship Between Built Environment and Urban Vitality in Shanghai Downtown Area Based on Big Data[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2020, 40(1): 60-68.

图/表 6

图 1

表1

图2

图3

表 2

街区层面城市建成环境对城市活力的影响"

	经济活力	社会活力	文化活力	综合活力
人口密度(人/km²)
10000~20000	0.0009	0.0010	0.0014	0.0011
20000~30000	0.0049	0.0019	0.0033^***	0.0033^***
30000~40000	0.0314^***	-0.0021	0.0022^*	0.0105^***
40000以上	0.0071	-0.0100^***	-0.0034^*	-0.0021
POI密度	0.0772^***	0.0421^***	0.0226^***	0.0473^***
路网密度	-0.1590^***	0.3040^***	-0.0464^**	0.0327
POI混合度	0.0262^***	0.0018	-0.0014	0.0089^***
平均建筑层数	0.0014^***	-0.0005^**	-0.0001^**	0.0003^***
建筑密度	0.0149^***	-0.0079^***	-0.0041^***	0.0010
道路交叉口数量	0.1210^***	0.0031	-0.0015	0.0410^***
最近地铁站距离	-0.0126	-0.0001	0.0060^**	-0.0023
最近公交站距离	-0.0296^***	0.0022	0.0097^***	-0.0059
街区面积	-0.0074	-0.0767^***	-0.0415^***	-0.0419^***
城市区位（浦西=1,浦东=0）	-0.0023	0.0017^*	0.0026^***	0.0007
到就业中心距离	-0.0351^***	0.0070^***	0.0012	-0.0090^***
截距	-0.0360	0.0008	0.0030	-0.0107
样本量	7721	7721	7721	7721
$R 2$	0.210	0.134	0.053	0.267

表 2

表 3

街道层面城市建成环境对城市活力的影响"

	经济活力	社会活力	文化活力	综合活力
人口密度(人/km²)
10000~20000	0.0009	0.0524	-0.0082	0.0150
20000~30000	0.0734	0.1370^***	0.0345	0.0815^*
30000以上	-0.0216	0.0725	-0.0181	0.0109
POI密度	0.9920^**	1.5800^***	0.6510	1.0740^***
路网密度	-0.0437	0.0405	-0.0680	-0.0237
POI混合度	0.1790^**	0.1710^***	0.1810^**	0.1770^***
平均建筑层数	0.0034	-0.0047	-0.0058	-0.0024
建筑密度	0.5320^*	0.1110	0.2070	0.2840
道路交叉口数量	0.0192	-0.0346	0.1580^**	0.0474
地铁站密度	0.0685	0.1480^**	0.0587	0.0917
公交站密度	-0.2940^*	0.0334	0.0693	-0.0637
街道面积	-0.0894	-0.1070	-0.2430^***	-0.1470^**
城市区位（浦西=1,浦东=0）	-0.0473	0.0425	0.0210	0.0054
到就业中心距离	0.0801	0.0278	-0.0173	0.0302
截距	-0.4550	-0.2790	-0.2820	-0.3390
样本量	115	115	115	115
$R 2$	0.491	0.772	0.552	0.711

表 3

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变量	街区		街道		说明
变量	平均值	标准差	平均值	标准差	说明
人口密度（人/km²）	16806.16	10909.75	17868.90	9123.77	人口数量除以空间单元面积,反映人口特征
POI密度（个/m²）	0.14	0.28	0.04	0.06	POI数量除以空间单元面积,反映设施分布
路网密度（m/m²）	1.42	3.13	0.03	0.14	主要干道里程数除以街区周边500 m缓冲区面积/街道面积,反映路网状况
POI混合度	1.97	0.36	1.99	0.23	空间单元内不同类型POI混合状况,反映了土地利用多样性
平均建筑层数	5.82	4.53	6.21	1.52	空间单元内平均建筑层数,反映建筑高度
建筑密度（0~1标准化值）	0.35	0.25	0.32	0.09	建筑数量除以空间单元面积,反映建筑设计
道路交叉口数量（个）	102.66	95.75	8075.54	9042.29	空间单元内的道路交叉口数量,反映道路设计
最近地铁站距离（m）	723.14	516.89	-	-	从街区质心到最近地铁站的直线距离,反映街区层面地铁可达性
最近公交站距离（m）	196.85	131.06	-	-	从街区质心到最近公交站的直线距离,反映街区层面公交可达性
地铁站密度（个/km²）	-	-	1.83	1.54	街道内地铁站数量除以街道面积,反映街道层面地铁可达性
公交站密度（个/km²）	-	-	25.80	15.51	街道内公交站数量除以街道面积,反映街道层面公交可达性
空间单元面积（街区：m²;街道：km²）	54076.35	98025.63	3.63	3.59	空间单元面积
城市区位（浦西=1,浦东=0）	0.68	0.47	0.81	0.40	空间单元在浦西或者浦东
到就业中心距离（km）	8.05	3.01	7.90	3.88	空间单元质心到上海就业中心（外滩中心）的直线距离^[34]

基于大数据的上海中心城区建成环境与城市活力关系分析

Relationship Between Built Environment and Urban Vitality in Shanghai Downtown Area Based on Big Data

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