中国乡村治理的新视域:基于现代性与认同互动的角度

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2020.04.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

乡村发展与乡村振兴倚仗于良好的乡村治理。从本质上认识乡村治理,需要把乡村治理放置于中国发展的时代背景下加以考量。目前中国出现的种种乡村发展问题和治理乱象,某种意义上是传统中国乡村在遭遇迅速现代化过程中的各种“不适”之后的必然反应。从现代性与认同的互动关系的理论视角出发,采取问卷调查与深度访谈的质性研究方法,重点探讨现代性进入乡村后的诸种遭遇,聚焦现代性对乡村4种类型治理主体的影响过程与作用机制,具体表现为村干部的角色认同从“当家人”向“代理人”转变;作为“资本下乡”的主体,返乡创业企业主难以站在村民的立场推进乡村治理;外出务工人员因为思想分化、凝聚力差,成为乡村治理的阻梗;留守者因为“能人”的标准发生变化在乡村治理过程中发挥的作用有限。最后,着重分析村民基于自身身份认同的角度是如何面对和调试现代性,从农民文化认同、治理主体性形塑和外部支撑条件等方面提出优化当代中国乡村治理的主要路径。

关键词: 乡村发展, 乡村治理, 治理主体, 现代性, 认同

Abstract:

Rural development and rural revitalization rely on good rural governance. To understand rural governance in essence, we need to consider it in the context of China's development. At present, the problems of rural development and the disorder of governance in China are, in some sense, the inevitable response of traditional Chinese villages after encountering various "discomforts" in the process of rapid modernization. From a theoretical viewpoint of the interaction between modernity and identity, the article firstly discuss the encounters when modernity enters the country. Secondly, we highly focus the impact of modernity process on every types of rural governance bodies and mechanism, which include: 1) the village cadre's role identity change from "head" to "agent" in the process of rural governance; 2) as the main body of "capital goes to the countryside", it is difficult for returning entrepreneurs to promote rural governance from the standpoint of villagers; 3) outside workers are ineffective in rural governance for their lacking of integration and cohesion of thoughts; 4) left-behind people play a limited role in the process of rural governance because of the change of the standard of "able person". Finally, this article analyze how villagers face and debug modernity from the perspective of their own identity, and put forward the main approaches to optimize the governance of rural areas in contemporary China, mainly from the aspects of cultural identity, governance subjectivity and external supporting conditions.

Key words: rural development, rural governance, governance bodies, modernity, identity

中图分类号:

K901.2

姚华松, 邵小文. 中国乡村治理的新视域:基于现代性与认同互动的角度[J]. 地理科学, 2020, 40(4): 581-589.

Yao Huasong, Shao Xiaowen. A New Perspective of China Rural Governance Based on Modernity and Identity[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2020, 40(4): 581-589.

图/表 3

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	传统	现代	对乡村治理过程的影响
流动性	流动性差	流动性强	流动性强导致观念、思想和认识多元,协同难度大
在场/缺场	在场	缺场	乡村日常生活的参与者、见证者与实践者,更容易参与乡村治理
社会形态	熟人社会	半熟人社会	守望相助、亲密无间的邻里关系更有利于乡村有效治理的开展
道德/经济重要性	道德至上	经济至上	“德治”的基础日渐弱化,企业家和有钱人的话语权越来越大
相互关系	共生（含雇佣）关系	松散关系	原子化、碎片化的人际关系不容易协同,实现共同治理的难度相对大
独立性	相对独立	独立性差	返乡企业主对政府有很强的依赖性,在申请各种政策、项目、资金等方面和政府搞好关系非常重要,否则,容易出现水土不服和寸步难行的局面
对“村民”的代表性	代表性好	代表性差	传统的共生关系决定了乡绅对村民的代表性相对较好,现代的村干部、返乡企业主相对顾及自己的立场与利益,对“村民”的代表性相对差