黄河下游地区堌堆遗址时空分布特征及其与黄河洪水关系

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2020.07.017

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

通过对考古资料和古文献的查询、总结，阐释了黄河下游地区堌堆遗址的形成及其时空分布特征，利用地理学和统计学的方法，分析了该地区堌堆遗址分布与黄河洪水之间的关系。研究表明，堌堆遗址时间分布为大汶口文化、龙山文化、岳石文化、商周与汉时期，且主要分布在龙山文化时期，可能反映了古人类向黄河下游迁移及洪水相对频发的情势；汉代以后由于国家和黄河两岸居民抵御黄河洪水的策略转为筑堤，且此后一段时期黄河长期安流，致使堌堆被逐渐废弃。堌堆遗址空间分布为鲁西南，豫东北地区，位于历史时期黄河频繁改道与泛滥的重点区域，这些地区地势较低，容易发生洪水泛滥事件。研究认为黄河洪水是影响堌堆遗址分布的主要因素，洪水的出现迫使人类避往高处，而生活在平原地区的居民主要采取加高居住地的策略避洪，从而形成了堌堆——今日的堌堆遗址。

关键词: 堌堆遗址, 文化演替, 洪水, 黄河下游

Abstract:

It is of great significance to study the spatio-temporal distribution of the earthen fort ruins in the lower reaches of the Yellow River to further study the relationship between the ruins and the flood of the Yellow River in the discovery and protection of the ruins. Environmental archaeology has found that there are many earthen fort ruins in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Earthen forts are ancient residential sites which are significantly higher than the surrounding ground and accumulated by the ancestors, reflecting the history of the ancestors to resist and prevent the flood of the Yellow River. Through the inquiry and summary of archaeological data and ancient documents, the formation and spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of the ruins in lower reaches of the Yellow River are explained, and the relationship between the distribution of ruins in the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the flood of the Yellow River is analyzed by using the methods of geography and statistics. The research shows that the time distribution of earthen fort ruins are Dawenkou culture, Longshan culture, Yueshi culture, Shang, Zhou and Han dynasties, and mainly in Longshan culture period, which may reflect the migration of ancient human beings to the lower reaches of the Yellow River and the relatively frequent floods. Since the Han Dynasty, the strategy of the state and the residents on both sides of the Yellow River to resist the flood of the Yellow River has changed to build dikes, and the Yellow River has been in steady flow for a long time, which has led to the gradual abandonment of the earthen fort ruins. Earthen fort ruins mainly distribute in the southwestern Shandong and the northeastern Henan. It is located in the key areas of frequent diversion and flooding of the Yellow River in historical period. These areas are low in terrain and prone to flooding events. This paper holds that the flood of the Yellow River is the main factor affecting the distribution of the earthen fort ruins. The emergence of the flood forces human beings to avoid the high places. The residents living in the plain areas mainly adopt the strategy of heightening their habitats to avoid the flood, thus forming the mound—today’s earthen fort ruins.

Key words: earthen fort ruins, culture succession, flood, lower reaches of the Yellow River

中图分类号:

K928.72

陈诗越, 强柳燕, 张风菊, 黎心泽. 黄河下游地区堌堆遗址时空分布特征及其与黄河洪水关系[J]. 地理科学, 2020, 40(7): 1202-1209.

Chen Shiyue, Qiang Liuyan, Zhang Fengju, Li Xinze. Spatial and Temporal Distribution Characteristics of Earthen Fort Ruins in the Lower Reaches of the Yellow River and Their Relations with Floods[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2020, 40(7): 1202-1209.

图/表 3

图 1

图 2

黄河下游地区堌堆遗址空间分布 1.安邱堌堆遗址；2.袁堌堆遗址；3.坡刘堌堆遗址；4.刘城堌堆遗址；5.定陶县官堌堆遗址；6.定陶县大章寺遗址；7.定陶县程庄遗址；8.曹县莘塜集遗址；9.曹县梁堌堆遗址；10.曹县安陵堌堆遗址；11.曹县燕陵堌堆遗址；12.成武县大台遗址；13.吉祥寺遗址；14.小台遗址；15.成武县文亭山遗址；16.成武县高堌堆遗址；17.成武县张吕堌堆遗址；18.成武县黑堌堆遗址；19.成武县晏堌堆遗址；20.王堌堆遗址；21.白楼遗址；22.田塔遗址；23.记河寺遗址；24.防城寺遗址；25.刘庄遗址；26.成武县田堌堆遗址；27.单县张堌堆遗址；28.单县马堌堆遗址；29.刘林遗址；30.巨野县西侯楼遗址；31.巨野县冯堌堆遗址；32.巨野县姜村遗址；33.巨野县张楼遗址；34.巨野县长山地遗址；35.巨野县麒麟台遗址；36.梁山县青堌堆遗址；37.梁山县贾固堆遗址；38.郓城县肖堌堆遗址；39.鄄城县历山庙遗址；40.东明县窦堌堆遗址；41.东明县庄寨遗址；42.鄄城县陶堌堆遗址；43.寺堌堆遗址；44.郗堌堆遗址；45.红堌堆遗址；46.郜堌堆遗址；47.栖霞堌堆遗址；48.缗城堌堆遗址；49.鱼山堌堆遗址；50.茅家堆古墓群；51.凤嘴堌堆遗址；52.亿城寺遗址；53.青邱堌堆遗址；54.玉皇庙遗址；55.平堌堆遗址；56.十里铺北遗址；57.长堌堆；58.卢堌堆；59.胡庄堌堆；60.大桑庄遗址；61.平堌堆遗址；62.于楼遗址；63.孔楼遗址；64.孙寺遗址；65.左山寺遗址；66.大李庄遗址；67.梁王台遗址；68.戚姬寺遗址；69.何楼遗址；70.李堌堆遗址；71.葵堌堆；72.后牛楼遗址；73.李园遗址；74.尚庄遗址；75.韩庄遗址；76.李孝堂遗址；77.台子高遗址；78.十里铺遗址；79.东一甲遗址；80.南陈遗址；81.腰庄遗址；82.大刘遗址；83.梁庄遗址；84.卅里铺遗址；85.大尉遗址；86.教场铺遗址；87.迟桥遗址；88.青冢子遗址；89.东王集遗址；90.堌均店遗址、91.王台遗址；92.白庄遗址；93.冢子遗址；94.王宗汤遗址；95.魏庄遗址；96.香山遗址；97.阿城遗址；98.常楼遗址；99.黑土坑遗址；100.红堌堆遗址；101.黑堌堆遗址；102.景阳岗遗址；103.皇姑冢龙山城址；104.八里庙遗址；105.大碾李遗址；106.栾台遗址；107.李岗遗址；108.胡堌堆汉墓；109.朱堌堆汉墓；110.沈堌堆汉墓；111.徐堌堆汉墓；112.刘堌堆遗址；113.黄岗遗址；114吴岗遗址；115.周龙岗；116.鹿台岗遗址；117.段岗；118.朱岗遗址；119.牛角岗遗址；120.毛冢遗址；121.帝丘；122.后冈遗址；123.骑路堌堆；124.小孙岗遗址；125.大墩子遗址；126永城王油坊遗址"

图 2

图 3

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