旅游孤岛效应演化机理研究——以云南普者黑旅游区为例

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2021.01.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以云南省文山壮族苗族自治州丘北县普者黑旅游区为案例地，基于旅游地利益相关者之间的博弈关系，构建了旅游孤岛效应演化模型，探讨旅游区与周边社区相互关系及其影响的演化机理，揭示旅游孤岛效应如何实现从弱到强的转变过渡。结论显示，按博弈关系、空间形态等可将普者黑旅游区发展划分为起步、成长、孤立、对立4个阶段，对应着旅游孤岛效应演化的初化、兴化、孤化、激化4个过程，反映了旅游孤岛效应从差异状态向阻滞状态再向对立状态的演变并呈现不同阶段特征。演化过程与表现是在极化效应与扩散效应共同影响、循环作用下的结果，极化效应受资源空间非均质性驱动，扩散效应因空间封闭而受阻。在极化效应、扩散效应的强弱对比下，普者黑旅游区旅游孤岛效应形成，导致要素聚集、边界固化，进而使极化效应、扩散效应继续发挥作用，普者黑旅游区旅游孤岛效应因而演化进入激化阶段，爆发旅游冲突事件。类似的对立与冲突现象在国内外时有发生，因而旅游孤岛效应演化机理研究从空间和权力维度上深化了旅游区与周边社区关系机理分析。

关键词: 旅游孤岛效应, 旅游地利益, 普者黑旅游区, 极化效应, 利益博弈

Abstract:

The conflicting relationship between tourist attractions and surrounding communities has become the common focus between scholars. It can be found by combing through relevant domestic and foreign literatures that many scholars tend to use the concepts of “tourist enclave” “tourist bubble” and “tourism island” to depict these conflicting relationships, among which the description of “tourism island” is more suitable for summarizing the isolated phenomena in China’s tourism development because it refers to two connotations of isolated space and unbalanced power between tourist attractions and surrounding communities.Therefore, this paper chooses “tourism island” as the core concept and constructs evolution model including process, characteristics and mechanism. According to the evolution model, tourism islanding effect goes through four stages of initialization, growth, isolation and intensification or fusion, reflecting the transformation of tourism islanding effect from differential state to blocking state, then to oppositional state, which essentially implies the driving mechanism of polarization effect, spread effect, and circular cumulative causation. In order to confirm the applicability of the theoretical model of tourism islanding effect, this paper takes Puzhehei tourist attraction as a case to analyze its space form and game relationship. Results show that Puzhehei had experienced four stages when considering its external relations, space form and border state, which highly corresponding to the four evolutionary stages of tourism islanding effect. The unique Karst tourism resources and the historical opportunities generated by the series of films and television dramas are the reasons for the polarization effect of the Puzhehei.Physical boundaries dominated by isolation barriers and transportation routes and functional boundaries dominated by economic gaps and cultural differences are the reasons why the spread effect is blocked. Under the contrast of polarization and spread effect, the tourism islanding effect is formed, which further attracts the accumulation of factors and solidifies the boundary, so that the polarization and spread effect continue to work. It is worth noting that similar conflicts occur from time to time at home and abroad. Therefore, the exploration into the evolution model of tourism islanding effect can provide regulation ideas for reducing differences, removing obstacles, and eliminating antagonism between tourist attractions and surrounding communities.

Key words: tourism islanding effect, destination benefit, Puzhehei tourist attraction, polarization effect, interest game

中图分类号:

F590

田里, 刘亮. 旅游孤岛效应演化机理研究——以云南普者黑旅游区为例[J]. 地理科学, 2021, 41(1): 22-32.

Tian Li, Liu Liang. Evolution Mechanism of Tourism Islanding Effect: A Case Study of Puzhehei Tourist Attraction[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2021, 41(1): 22-32.

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演化过程	发展程度	要素状态	边界状态	区域影响
初化阶段	起始	流入:要素开始流入，规模较小	无明显边界	正向效应为主
兴化阶段	成长	聚集:资本、劳动等传统要素开始规模聚集	边界开始形成	负面效应显现
孤化阶段	成熟	转变:传统要素需求减弱，新型要素需求增加	边界完全形成	负面效应强化
激化/融合阶段	衰退/繁荣	固化:要素内外流动转移受限	边界固化/弱化	对立/和谐

阶段特征	对抗程度	内在表现	相互关系
差异状态	低	景观差异、设施差异、消费差异	协调关系
阻滞状态	中	空间阻滞、管理阻滞、扩散阻滞	竞争关系
对立状态	高	产业对立、收益相斥、行为对抗	对抗关系

内在动力	作用机制	传导途径	演化结果
资源空间非均质性	极化效应形成	控制资源、划定空间、吸引投资	旅游孤岛效应初显
二维封闭空间形成	极化效应强化、扩散效应受阻	控制资产、封闭空间、固化收益	旅游孤岛效应形成
旅游孤岛效应形成	循环累积因果机制	排斥挤出、运营循环、垄断收益	旅游孤岛效应强化

旅游区发展过程	旅游孤岛效应演化过程	标志性事件
初步发展（1988—1993年）	初化阶段	普者黑旅游管理处成立
快速成长（1994—2013年）	兴化阶段	旅游市场爆发增长
孤立发展（2014—2018年）	孤化阶段	5A级旅游景区创建工作开展
对立发展（2019年—现在）	激化阶段	景区与村民冲突事件爆发