中国中小河流气候和下垫面与产汇流过程关系研究

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2021.01.012

地理科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (1): 109-120.doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2021.01.012

中国中小河流气候和下垫面与产汇流过程关系研究

王怀军¹^,²^,³(), 张建云²^,³^,^*(), 王国庆²^,³, 曹蕾¹, 潘莹萍⁴, 冯如¹

1.淮阴师范学院城市与环境学院，江苏淮安 223300
2.南京水利科学研究院水文水资源与水利工程科学国家重点实验室，江苏南京 210029
3.南京水利科学研究院水利部应对气候变化研究中心，江苏南京 210029
4.北京师范大学地理科学学部，北京 100875

收稿日期:2020-06-12 修回日期:2020-09-25 出版日期:2021-01-10 发布日期:2021-03-04
通讯作者: 张建云 E-mail:wanghj@hytc.edu.cn;jyzhang@nhri.cn
作者简介:王怀军，（1986-），男，湖南永州人，博士，副教授，主要研究方向为极端气候水文事件。E-mail: wanghj@hytc.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1508101);国家自然科学基金项目(41830863);国家自然科学基金项目(41701034)

Relationships Between Climate, Underlying Surface and Runoff Yield and Flow Concentration Processes in China’s Middle and Small Rivers

Wang Huaijun¹^,²^,³(), Zhang Jianyun²^,³^,^*(), Wang Guoqing²^,³, Cao Lei¹, Pan Yingping⁴, Feng Ru¹

1. School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, Jiangsu, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
3. Research Center for Climate Change, Ministry of Water Resources, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, China
4. Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China

Received:2020-06-12 Revised:2020-09-25 Online:2021-01-10 Published:2021-03-04
Contact: Zhang Jianyun E-mail:wanghj@hytc.edu.cn;jyzhang@nhri.cn
Supported by:
National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC1508101);National Natural Science Foundation of China(41830863);National Natural Science Foundation of China(41701034)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

构建340个中小河流域80个气候和下垫面因子，探讨了水文模型模拟效率对环境因子的敏感性，分析了产汇流因子与环境因子的相互关系。结果如下:① 同类型气候和下垫面因子存在显著相关，不同类型环境因子相关系数相对较低；中国中小河流域大致可分为南方地区，北方地区和西北地区；② 将环境因子分类进行主成分分析的方差解释率显著增加，气候、植被和土地利用、土壤、地形的流域分类效果较好，地貌和地质、人类活动和流域形态的分类效果不理想；③ GR4J模型在中国河流的适用性良好，模型效率显著相关的因子主要集中在气候、植被和土壤，其中影响最大的气候和下垫面因子为干燥度、黏土含量和叶面积指数；④ 水文模型参数中，产流水库容量影响因素包括气候、地貌、土壤、地形、人类活动和流域形态；地下水交换系数影响因子为地貌和地质、地形、人类活动；汇流水库容量影响因子主要有植被、土壤、地貌和流域形态；单位线汇流时间的影响因素集中在气候、土壤和流域形态。

关键词: 产汇流, 气候, 下垫面, 中小河流

Abstract:

Our study constructed 80 indices of climate and underlying surface in 340 middle and small river basins of China, as well as explored the sensitivity of hydrological model simulation efficiency to environmental factors, and also discussed the interactions between the process of runoff yield and concentration and environmental factors. We found that: 1) Significant correlations were observed between the same type of climate and the underlying surface factors, while the correlation coefficient of different types of environmental factors was relatively low. In the K-means analysis, the Hopkins Statistic was first used to analyze the agglomeration of all watersheds, and the result showed that the Hopkins statistic was 0.83, indicating that the data is highly aggregated. The middle and small rivers in China could be roughly divided into south region, north region and northwest region; 2) Variance of the principal component analysis for the classified environmental factors increased, the classification effect of climate, vegetation and land use, soil, and terrain for river basins is better, whilst the classification effect of geomorphology, geology, human activities, and watershed morphology was not ideal; 3) GR4J model exhibited good applicability in Chinese rivers, aridity index, clay content and leaf area index showed the greatest impacts on the efficiency of the hydrological model; other environmental factors such as precipitation, elevation and basin area also affected the simulation efficiency of the model; 4) Precipitation, other woodland and leaf area index had the highest correlation with production store capacity (PSC); evapotranspiration, air temperature and sand standard deviation showed the greatest impact on intercatchment exchange coefficient; the proportion of low-cover grassland, the proportion of primitive soil and the proportion of hilly area exhibited the greatest correlation with routing store capacity (RSC), and the environmental factors with the highest correlation with unit hydrograph time constant (UTH) were the wetness index, percentage of tableland and the proportion of arid and deserts soil. Our results indicated that it was feasible to estimate the parameters of the hydrological model from the perspective of climate and underlying surface. Furthermore, the results in this study could provide a basis and reference for the transplantation of hydrological parameters from gauging basin to ungauged basin.

Key words: runoff yield and flow concentration, climate, underlying surface, the middle and small rivers

中图分类号:

F129.9

王怀军, 张建云, 王国庆, 曹蕾, 潘莹萍, 冯如. 中国中小河流气候和下垫面与产汇流过程关系研究[J]. 地理科学, 2021, 41(1): 109-120.

Wang Huaijun, Zhang Jianyun, Wang Guoqing, Cao Lei, Pan Yingping, Feng Ru. Relationships Between Climate, Underlying Surface and Runoff Yield and Flow Concentration Processes in China’s Middle and Small Rivers[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2021, 41(1): 109-120.

图/表 10

图1

表1

构建的气候和下垫面指数

类别	指数
注:括号中文字为气候和下垫面因子的简写。
气候	年平均降水（降水）、年平均降水变异系数（降水cv）、年潜在蒸散（蒸散）、年潜在蒸散变异系数（蒸散cv）、干燥度、气温
植被和土地利用	农田比重（农田）、森林比重（森林）、草地比重（草地）、水体与湿地比重（水体湿地）、其它比重（其它）、有林地比重（有林地）、灌木林比重（灌木林）、其它林地比重（其它林地）、高覆盖度草地比重（高覆盖度草地）、中覆盖度草地比重（中覆盖度草地）、低覆盖度草地比重（低覆盖度草地）、年NDVI（NDVI）、月最小NDVI（2月NDVI）、月最大NDVI（8月NDVI）、植被覆盖度、叶面积指数（LAI）、年NDVI标准差（NDVIS）、月最小NDVI标准差（2月NDVIS）、月最大NDVI标准差（8月NDVIS）、植被覆盖度标准差（FVCS）、叶面积指数标准差（LAIS）
土壤	砂土百分比（砂土）、粉砂土百分比（粉砂土）、黏土百分比（黏土）、土壤侵蚀量、砂土百分比标准差（砂土S）、粉砂土百分比标准差（粉砂土S）、黏土百分比标准差（黏土S）、土壤侵蚀量标准差（土壤侵蚀量S）、土壤参考深度（30 cm）（土壤深度1）、土壤参考深度（100 cm）（土壤深度2）、土壤有效水含量（大于100 mm/m）（AWC1）、土壤有效水含量（小于100 mm/m）（AWC2）、淋溶土-半淋溶土比重（淋溶土）、钙层土比重（钙层土）、干旱土-漠土比重（干旱土漠土）、初育土比重（初育土）、水成土-半水成土比重（水成土）、人为土比重（人为土）、高山土比重（高山土）、铁铝土比重（铁铝土）
地貌和地质	平原面积比重（平原）、台地面积比重（台地）、丘陵面积比重（丘陵）、山地面积比重（山地）、变质岩面积比重（变质岩）、沉积岩面积比重（沉积岩）、深成岩面积比重（深成岩）、火山岩面积比重（火山岩）
地形	高程、坡度、坡向、高程方差、坡度方差（坡度S）、坡向方差（坡向S）、地形指数、湿润指数
人类活动	GDP、人口、夜间灯光亮度（灯光亮度）、GDP标准差（GDPS）、人口标准差（人口S）、夜间灯光亮度标准差（灯光亮度S）
流域形态	流域面积、流域周长、质心经度、质心纬度、河流长度、流域形状系数、河网密度、Strahler河网1级比重（1级河网）、Strahler河网2级比重（2级河网）、Strahler河网3级比重（3级河网）、Strahler河网4级比重（4级河网）

表1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

表2

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参数	方程	R²	P
PSC	102.83PC1_气候 - 214.55PC1_地貌地质 + 298.51PC2_地貌地质 - 206.02PC3_土壤 - 298.51PC2_地形 +70.44PC1_人类活动 - 95.29 PC2_流域形态 + 119.09 PC3_流域形态	0.60	<0.01
IEC	1.06PC1_地貌地质 - 3.76PC2_地貌地质 - 1.20PC1_地形 - 0.79PC1_人类活动	0.57	<0.01
RSC	- 39.85PC3_{植被土地利用} - 28.13PC3_土壤 + 23.64PC1_地貌地质 + 22.7078PC1_流域形态 - 33.21PC2_流域形态	0.50	<0.01
UTH	- 1.60PC1_气候 + 0.48PC1_土壤 + 1.45PC2_土壤 + 0.86PC4_土壤 + 0.56PC1_流域形态 - 1.09PC2_流域形态 + 0.43PC3_{植被土地利用}	0.82	<0.01

中国中小河流气候和下垫面与产汇流过程关系研究

Relationships Between Climate, Underlying Surface and Runoff Yield and Flow Concentration Processes in China’s Middle and Small Rivers

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