中国城市技术转移网络空间格局分析——基于企业控股与专利转移的视角

doi:10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2022.10.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于大数据挖掘获取的2018年中国城市间战略性新兴产业企业控股数据与发明专利权转移数据，模拟企业控股与专利转移2种路径下的城市技术转移网络。结合地理空间及复杂网络分析方法，从城市中心性、多尺度网络关联强度、社区结构及距离衰减特征等方面进行了分析。结果表明：① 企业控股与专利转移的城市强度中心性分别呈“核心?边缘”与带状集群分布，区域中心城市与东部沿海发达城市分别在企业与专利联系网络中发挥了主要的中介作用，专利转移相比企业控股更有利于不同专业类别的技术转移；② 企业联系网络具有等级层次性，专利联系网络则更具开放性与流动性。其中企业控股为具有协调性的单向主导型转移路径，而专利转移为追求效益性的双向交互型转移路径；③ 企业联系网络中主要为“连片集聚，逐步扩散”的地理邻近式社区结构，而专利联系网络呈“局部合伙，广泛协作”的跨区域组团模式。④ 企业控股与专利转移均具有显著的距离衰减特征，但二者在不同阶段的距离衰减模式存在差异。

关键词: 技术转移, 企业控股, 社区结构, 距离衰减, 城市网络

Abstract:

Based on the data of corporate holding in strategic emerging industries and the data of invention patents transfer among Chinese cities in 2018, the interurban technology transfer network based on corporate holding and patent transfer is constructed respectively. Combined with geospatial and complex network analysis methods, this paper analyzes the characteristics of urban centrality, multi-scale network correlation strength, community structure and distance attenuation. The results show that: 1) The urban intensity centrality of corporate holdings and patent transfers are distributed in “core-periphery” and banded clusters respectively. Regional central cities and developed eastern coastal cities have played a major intermediary role in the corporate and patent network. Patent transfer is more conducive to technology transfer in different professional categories than corporate holding; 2) The corporate network is hierarchical, and the patent network is more open and liquid. Among them, corporate holding is a coordinated unilateral leading transfer path, while patent transfer is a bilateral interactive transfer path pursuing efficiency; 3) The corporate network is mainly a geographically adjacent community structure of “contiguous gathering and gradually spreading”, while the patent network is a cross-regional group model of “partial partnership and extensive collaboration”; 4) Both corporate holding and patent transfer have obvious distance attenuation characteristics, but their distance attenuation patterns are different at different stages.

Key words: technology transfer, corporate holding, community structure, distance attenuation, city network

中图分类号:

F061.5

刘耀彬, 孙敏. 中国城市技术转移网络空间格局分析——基于企业控股与专利转移的视角[J]. 地理科学, 2022, 42(10): 1695-1705.

Liu Yaobin, Sun Min. Spatial Pattern of Interurban Technology Transfer Network in China: A Case Study from the Corporate Holding and Patent Transfer[J]. SCIENTIA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA, 2022, 42(10): 1695-1705.

图/表 8

表1

图1

图2

图3

表2

表3

图4

图5

参考文献 39

[1]	中共中央国务院. 中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标的建议[N]. 人民日报, 2020-11-04(01).
	The State Council of The People’s Republic of China. Suggestions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on formulating the 14th Five-Year Plan for national economic and social development and the long-term goals for 2035. People’s Daily, 2020-11-04(01).
[2]	吕拉昌, 李勇. 基于城市创新职能的中国创新城市空间体系[J]. 地理学报, 2010, 65(2): 177-190. doi: 10.11821/xb201002005
	Lu Lachang, Li Yong. A research on Chinese renovation urban system based on urban renovation function. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(2): 177-190. doi: 10.11821/xb201002005
[3]	潘雄锋, 张静, 米谷. 中国区际技术转移的空间格局演变及内部差异研究[J]. 科学学研究, 2017, 35(2): 240-246. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-2053.2017.02.010
	Pan Xiongfeng, Zhang Jing, Mi Gu. Spatial pattern evolution and inner differences of Chinese interregional technology transfer. Studies in Science of Science, 2017, 35(2): 240-246. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-2053.2017.02.010
[4]	李兰冰, 刘秉镰. “十四五”时期中国区域经济发展的重大问题展望[J]. 管理世界, 2020, 36(5): 36-51+8. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-5502.2020.05.004
	Li Lanbing, Liu Binglian. Prospect for major issues of China’s regional economic development during the 14th Five-Year Plan period. Management World, 2020, 36(5): 36-51+8. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-5502.2020.05.004
[5]	刘承良, 管明明, 段德忠. 中国城际技术转移网络的空间格局及影响因素[J]. 地理学报, 2018, 73(8): 1462-1477. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201808006
	Liu Chengliang, Guan Mingming, Duan Dezhong. Spatial pattern and influential mechanism of interurban technology transfer network in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(8): 1462-1477. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201808006
[6]	萧浩辉, 陆魁宏. 决策科学词典[M]. 北京: 人民出版社, 1995.
	Xiao Haohui, Lu Kuihong. Decision science dictionary. Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1995.
[7]	段德忠. 中国城市技术转移的空间演化研究[D]. 上海: 华东师范大学, 2018.
	Duan Dezhong. Research on the spatial evolution of China's urban technology transfer. Shanghai: East China Normal University, 2018.
[8]	国家经济体制改革委员会. 关于印发《股份有限公司规范意见》和《有限责任公司规范意见》的通知[J]. 中华人民共和国国务院公报, 1992(16): 554-592.
	State Commission for Restructuring Economy of China. Notice on printing and distributing "Regulatory Opinions on Limited Liability Companies" and "Regulatory Opinions on Limited Liability Companies". The State Council of the People’s Republic of China, 1992(16): 554-592.
[9]	Kogut B, Zander U. Knowledge of the firm and the evolutionary theory of the multinational corporation[J]. Journal of International Business, 1993(24): 625-45.
[10]	马海涛. 知识流动空间的城市关系建构与创新网络模拟[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(4): 708-721. doi: 10.11821/dlxb202004004
	Ma Haitao. The theoretical construction and network simulation of intercity innovative relationships in knowledge flow space. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(4): 708-721. doi: 10.11821/dlxb202004004
[11]	Cao Xia, Li Chuanyun, Chen Wei et al. Research on the invulnerability and optimization of the technical cooperation innovation network based on the patent perspective—A case study of new energy vehicles[J]. PloS one, 2020, 15(9).
[12]	徐庆富, 康旭东, 杨中楷, 等. 基于专利权转让的我国省际技术转移特征研究[J]. 情报杂志, 2017, 36(7): 66-72. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-1965.2017.07.012
	Xu Qingfu, Kang Xudong, Yang Zhongkai et al. Research on the characteristics of my country's inter-provincial technology transfer based on the transfer of patent rights. Journal of Information, 2017, 36(7): 66-72. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-1965.2017.07.012
[13]	唐要家, 孙路. 专利转化中的“专利沉睡”及其治理分析[J]. 中国软科学, 2006(8): 73-78. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-9753.2006.08.009
	Tang Yaojia, Sun Lu. Analysis of “patent sleep” in patent transformation and its governance. China Soft Science, 2006(8): 73-78. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-9753.2006.08.009
[14]	秦以旭. 战略性新兴产业企业专利引入对技术创新绩效的影响研究[D]. 武汉: 华中科技大学, 2012.
	Qin Yixu. The research on the effect of strategic emerging industry enterprises’ patent introduction on technological innovation performance. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2012.
[15]	饶凯, 孟宪飞, 徐亮, 等. 研发投入对地方高校专利技术转移活动的影响——基于省级面板数据的实证分析[J]. 管理评论, 2013, 25(5): 144-154.
	Rao Kai, Meng Xianfei, Xu Liang et al. The impact of R&D investments on patent technology transfer activities of local universities: Based on the empirical analysis of provincial panel data. Management Review, 2013, 25(5): 144-154.
[16]	郭倩玲, 张慧卿, 伊雷, 等. 北京“双一流”建设高校许可专利与专利权转移专利的比较分析[J]. 中国发明与专利, 2020, 17(8): 55-59+67. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6081.2020.08.008
	Guo Qianling, Zhang Huiqing, Yi Lei et al. Comparative research on licensed patent and traded patent of “double first-class” universities in Beijing. Chinese Invention and Patents, 2020, 17(8): 55-59+67. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6081.2020.08.008
[17]	崔斌, 董坤, 许海云. 专利合作对技术转移的影响及作用路径研究——以国内某科研机构为例[J]. 情报理论与实践, 2020, 43(12): 103-110.
	Cui Bin, Dong Kun, Xu Haiyun. Research on the influence and action path of patent cooperation on technology transfer: A case study of a scientific research institution of China. Information Studies:Theory & Application, 2020, 43(12): 103-110.
[18]	马荣康, 刘凤朝. 基于专利许可的新能源技术转移网络演变特征研究[J]. 科学学与科学技术管理, 2017, 38(6): 65-76.
	Ma Rongkang, Liu Fengchao. Research on the evolution of technology transfer network in new energy fields based on patent licensing. Science of Science and Management of S&T, 2017, 38(6): 65-76.
[19]	阮平南, 栾梦雪, 刘晓燕. 多维邻近性对创新网络组织间知识转移影响研究——基于OLED产业专利数据[J]. 科技管理研究, 2018, 38(17): 150-159. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7695.2018.17.024
	Ruan Pingnan, Luan Mengxue, Liu Xiaoyan. Research on the impact of multidimensional proximity on inter-organizational knowledge transfer in innovation networks based on OLED industry patent data. Science and Technology Management Research, 2018, 38(17): 150-159. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7695.2018.17.024
[20]	张博岚, 水静, 杨海军. 甘肃省校企合作创新知识转移研究——基于专利视角[J]. 现代商贸工业, 2019, 40(27): 118-119. doi: 10.19311/j.cnki.1672-3198.2019.27.058
	Zhang Bolan, Shui Jing, Yang Haijun. Research on knowledge transfer of school-enterprise cooperation innovation in Gansu province based on patent perspective. Modern Business Trade Industry, 2019, 40(27): 118-119. doi: 10.19311/j.cnki.1672-3198.2019.27.058
[21]	徐海燕. 近代专利制度的起源与建立[J]. 科学文化评论, 2010, 7(2): 40-52. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6804.2010.02.003
	Xu Haiyan. The origin and establishment of modern patent system. Science and Culture Review, 2010, 7(2): 40-52. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6804.2010.02.003
[22]	刘承良, 管明明. 基于专利转移网络视角的长三角城市群城际技术流动的时空演化[J]. 地理研究, 2018, 37(5): 981-994.
	Liu Chengliang, Guan Mingming. Spatio-temporal evolution of interurban technological flow network in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration: From the perspective of patent transaction network. Geographical Research, 2018, 37(5): 981-994.
[23]	Taylor P J. Cities in globalization: Practices, policies and theories[J]. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2007, 2(2): 169-170.
[24]	阮钰瑶. 基于交通流空间的黑龙江省城市网络研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2019.
	Ruan Yuyao. Research on Heilongjiang Province urban network based on traffic flow space. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2019.
[25]	马学广, 李贵才. 西方城市网络研究进展和应用实践[J]. 国际城市规划, 2012, 27(4): 65-70+101.
	Ma Xueguang, Li Guicai. Research progress and application practice of western urban networks. International Urban Planning, 2012, 27(4): 65-70+101.
[26]	朱艳硕, 王铮, 程文露. 中国装备制造业的空间枢纽——网络结构[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(8): 1525-1533. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201908003
	Zhu Yanshuo, Wang Zheng, Cheng Wenlu. The hub-network structure of China’s equipment manufacturing industry. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(8): 1525-1533. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201908003
[27]	李恩康, 陆玉麒, 杨星, 等. 全球城市网络联系强度的时空演化研究——基于2014—2018年航空客运数据[J]. 地理科学, 2020, 40(1): 32-39.
	Li Enkang, Lu Yuqi, Yang Xing et al. Spatio-temporal evolution on connection strength of global city network based on passenger flight data from 2014 to 2018. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2020, 40(1): 32-39.
[28]	冯颖, 侯孟阳, 姚顺波. 中国粮食生产空间关联网络的结构特征及其形成机制[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(11): 2380-2395. doi: 10.11821/dlxb202011008
	Feng Ying, Hou Mengyang, Yao Shunbo. Structural characteristics and formation mechanism of spatial correlation network of grain production in China. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2020, 75(11): 2380-2395. doi: 10.11821/dlxb202011008
[29]	安俞静, 刘静玉, 乔墩墩. 中原城市群城市空间联系网络格局分析——基于综合交通信息流[J]. 地理科学, 2019, 39(12): 1929-1937. doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2019.12.011
	An Yujing, Liu Jingyu, Qiao Dundun. Urban spatial connection and network structure in Zhongyuan urban agglomeration: A study based on integrated traffic and information flow. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2019, 39(12): 1929-1937. doi: 10.13249/j.cnki.sgs.2019.12.011
[30]	王士君, 廉超, 赵梓渝. 从中心地到城市网络——中国城镇体系研究的理论转变[J]. 地理研究, 2019, 38(1): 64-74.
	Wang Shijun, Lian Chao, Zhao Ziyu. From central place to urban network: Theoretical transformation of the study of China’s urban system. Geographical Research, 2019, 38(1): 64-74.
[31]	冷炳荣, 杨永春, 谭一洺. 城市网络研究: 由等级到网络[J]. 国际城市规划, 2014, 29(1): 1-7.
	Leng Bingrong, Yang Yongchun, Tan Yiming. Urban network research: From hierarchy to network. International Urban Planning, 2014, 29(1): 1-7.
[32]	李成阳, 张文娟, 赖炽敏, 等. 黄河源区不同退化程度下高寒草原群落生产力、物种多样性与土壤特性及其关系研究 [J]. 生态学报, 2021(11): 1-11.
	Li Chengyang, Zhang Wenjuan, Lai Chimin et al. Plant productivity, species diversity, soil properties, and their relationships in an alpine steppe under different degradation degrees at the source of Yellow River. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2021(11): 1-11.
[33]	黄晓东, 马海涛, 苗长虹. 基于创新企业的中国城市网络联系特征[J]. 地理学报, 2021, 76(4): 835-852. doi: 10.11821/dlxb202104005
	Huang Xiaodong, Ma Haitao, Miao Changhong. Connectivity characteristics for city networks in China based on innovative enterprises. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(4): 835-852. doi: 10.11821/dlxb202104005
[34]	叶广宇, 万庆良, 陈静玲. 政治资源、商业模式与民营企业总部选址[J]. 南开管理评论, 2010, 13(4): 62-70+82. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-3448.2010.04.008
	Ye Guangyu, Wan Qingliang, Chen Jingling. Political resources, business models and headquarters locations of private enterprises. Nankai Management Review, 2010, 13(4): 62-70+82. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-3448.2010.04.008
[35]	刘承良, 牛彩澄. 东北三省城际技术转移网络的空间演化及影响因素[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(10): 2092-2107. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201910010
	Liu Chengliang, Niu Caicheng. Spatial evolution and factors of interurban technology transfer network in Northeast China from national to local perspectives. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(10): 2092-2107. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201910010
[36]	李仙德. 基于企业网络的城市网络研究[D]. 上海: 华东师范大学, 2012.
	Li Xiande. Research on city network based on enterprise network. Shanghai: East China Normal University, 2012.
[37]	武前波. 企业空间组织和城市与区域空间重塑[D]. 上海: 华东师范大学, 2009.
	Wu Qianbo. Corporate spatial organization and urban and regional spatial reshaping. Shanghai: East China Normal University, 2009.
[38]	殷德生, 吴虹仪, 金桩. 创新网络、知识溢出与高质量一体化发展——来自长江三角洲城市群的证据[J]. 上海经济研究, 2019(11): 30-45. doi: 10.19626/j.cnki.cn31-1163/f.20191016.001
	Yin Desheng, Wu Hongyi, Jin Zhuang. Innovation networks, knowledge spillovers, and high-quality integrated development: Evidence from the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration. Shanghai Economic Research, 2019(11): 30-45. doi: 10.19626/j.cnki.cn31-1163/f.20191016.001
[39]	方创琳. 中国城市群研究取得的重要进展与未来发展方向[J]. 地理学报, 2014, 69(8): 1130-1144. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201408009
	Fang Chuanglin. Progress and the future direction of research into urban agglomeration in China. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2014, 69(8): 1130-1144. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201408009

数据说明	企业控股网络	专利转移网络
数据来源	从“企查查”网站（ https://www.qcc.com/）获取2018年中证指数有限公司公布的中国战略新兴产业综合指数（000891）成份股中的A股上市企业的多城控股数据	从“中国专利数据库（知网版）”（ https://kns.cnki.net/kns/brief/result.aspx?dbprefix=SCPD）获取2018年中国城市间发明专利的专利权转让数据
数据总量	涉及中国358个城市（包括直辖市、地级行政区及省直辖县级行政区）共32 329条数据，未含港澳台数据	涉及中国地区332个直辖市、地级行政区及省直辖县级行政区共26 293条数据，未含港澳台数据
数据组成	企业的名称、经营状态、成立日期、所属省份、城市及区县、参保人数、所属行业及经营范围等	专利的公开号、标题、授权公告日、IPC主分类、专利权转让的登记生效日、变更前后的权利人及其地址等
专业类别	根据《战略性新兴产业分类（2018）》将股东企业及其控股企业分为9类：新一代信息技术产业；高端装备制造产业；新材料产业；生物产业；新能源汽车产业；新能源产业；节能环保产业；数字创意产业；相关服务业	根据IPC主分类将各条转让专利的技术类别划分为8类：人类生活必需；作业、运输；化学、冶金；纺织、造纸；固定建筑物；机械工程、照明、加热、武器、爆破；物理；电学

	长三角城市群	珠三角城市群	长江中游城市群	成渝城市群	京津冀城市群
长三角城市群	6295	732	505	369	256
珠三角城市群	1466	2243	407	513	471
长江中游城市群	1157	446	2154	505	180
成渝城市群	345	155	115	778	72
京津冀城市群	106	91	71	28	463

	长三角城市群	珠三角城市群	长江中游城市群	成渝城市群	京津冀城市群
长三角城市群	6685	704	883	297	596
珠三角城市群	1110	1084	266	133	114
长江中游城市群	838	272	2534	121	185
成渝城市群	195	61	148	536	43
京津冀城市群	363	207	144	44	598